Tablet coats capsules

Oral pancreatic enzyme supplements are available as powders, uncoated or coated tablets, capsules, enteric-coated spheres and microspheres, or enteric-coated microtablets encased in a cellulose or gelatin capsule (Table 28-2). Microencapsulated enteric-coated products are not superior to recommended doses of conventional non-enteric-coated enzyme preparations. The quantity of active lipase delivered to the duodenum appears to be a more important determinant in pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy than the dosage form. GI side effects appear to be dose related but occur less frequently with enteric-coated products. 

In pharmaceuticals, NIR is used for, of course, moisture, polymorphic (drug) forms, percent crystallinity, isomer purity, tablet/capsule assay, coating levels, evaluation of dissolution times, and numerous process tests. It is a rapid means for the Food and Drug Administration to check for counterfeit drugs, and for the Drug Enforcement Agency to ascertain what type of materials are impounded in drug raids. ... 

Fluorescence from pharmaceutical capsule shells and tablet coatings has hindered measurement of their composition by Raman spectroscopy. By switching from the conventional backscattering mode to a transmission mode, Matousek et al. demonstrated that fluorescence could be eliminated in many instances [8]. Backscattering- and transmission-mode Raman spectra of several samples are shown in Figure 7.5. Each spectrum was acquired in 10s with 80mW 830-mn laser power. Matousek et al. also speculate that signal acquisition times could be relatively easily shortened to well below 0.1 s when the transmission mode is combined with optimized optics [8]. 

Absorption - /a pro c acid is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the Gl tract. Absorption of the drug is delayed but not decreased by administration with meals administration of the drug with milk products does not affect the rate or degree of absorption. The bioavailability of valproate from divalproex sodium delayed-release tablets and capsules containing coated particles has been shown to be equivalent to that of valproic acid capsules. 

Aspirin is available as capsules, tablets, enteric-coated tablets (Ecotrin), timed-release tablets (ZORprin), buffered tablets Ascriptin, Bufferin), and as rectal suppositories. Sodium salicylate is available genericaUy. Other salicylates include choline salicylate (Arthropan), choline magnesium trisalicylate (Trilisate), and magnesium salicylate Momentum). 

Psychopharma ceutica Is are most frequently taken in the form of tablets, capsules or coated tablets, Le. orally. Parenteral presentations are also available for some psychopharmaceuticals, i.e. injection or infusion solutions that can be administered directly into the bloodstream and thus circumvent the gastrointestinal tract Questions of absorption, metabolism and absorption of these drugs will be discussed in Chapter 5, which deals with clinical trials in psyehopharmacologv. 

The time required for the capsule shell or tablet coating to start breaking apart will provide an indication of possible issues with the shell or coating that would retard the release of the formulation (e.g., gelatin cross-linking). 

PYAP Tablet coatings/ink component for capsules Single dose in various species, repeat dose (oral gavage or diet and up to 2 yrs in duration in rat and dog) and reproduction (fertility study in rat, embryo-fetal studies in rat and rabbit, and peri-postnatal study in rat) toxicity Well tolerated [limited extreme high-dose effects seen (Table 3)]... 

A more recent development in tablet coating involves the use of gelation as the coating material to produce geltabs. If a tablet is compressed as a capsule-shaped unit prior to gelatin coating it is called a gelcap... 

An additional benefit of SORS is the suppression of surface-generated fluorescence which has an identical spatial (but not temporal) distribution to the Raman signal of the surface layer. This feature is particularly beneficial in situations where intense surface-layer fluorescence masks the underlying Raman signal examples include melanin-induced fluorescence in biological tissue in vivo and intensely coloured capsules or coated tablets in pharmaceutical applications. 

The procedures for the polarographic determination of tablets, coated tablets and capsules are practically the same. The polarographic (and not only the polarographic) analysis of ointments is one of the most difficult tasks. The active component which is to be determined must be first extracted, usually with non-aqueous solvents, often at a raised temperature. Some authors recommend glacial acetic acid for this purpose, but satisfactory results are obtained by extracting a benzene solution of the ointment with 2M hydrochloric acid [214]. 

Drug formulations are designed to provide an attractive, stable, and convenient method to use products. Conventional dosage forms may be broadly characterized in order of decreasing dissolution rate as solutions, solid solutions, suspensions, capsules and tablets, coated capsules and tablets, and controlled release formulations. 

Unit operations are selected for the development of a tablet (coated or non-coated) or capsule (hard shell or soft-gel) processUnit operations that are considered to be critical are determined through analysis of the process variables and their respective measured response for each unit operation (Table... 

Acetyltributyl citrate is used to plasticize polymers in formulated pharmaceutical coatings, including capsules, tablets, beads, and granules for taste masking, immediate release, sustained-release and enteric formulations. 

Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) is used as an enteric film coating material, or as a matrix binder for tablets and capsules.Such coatings resist prolonged contact with the strongly acidic gastric fluid, but dissolve in the mildly acidic or neutral intestinal environment. 

Some of the insoluble colors or pigments have the additional benefit when used in tablet coatings or gelatin shells of providing useful opacity, which can contribute to the stability of light-sensitive active materials in the tablet or capsule formulation. Pigments such as the iron oxides, titanium... 

Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide (oral delayed action, enteric coated, tablets). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK (oral capsules, tablets, granules topical creams and solutions). 

Many solid-dosage forms of potassium chloride exist including tablets prepared by direct compression and granulation effervescent tablets coated, sustained-release tablets " sustained-release wax matrix tablets micro-capsules pellets and osmotic pump formulations. ... 

Sodium chloride has been used as a lubricant and diluent in capsules and direct-compression tablet formulations in the past, although this practice is no longer common. Sodium chloride has also been used as a channeling agent and as an osmotic agent in the cores of controlled-release tablets. It has been used as a porosity modifier in tablet coatings,and to control drug release from microcapsules. 

Stearic acid is widely used in oral and topical pbarmaceutical formulations. It is mainly used in oral formulations as a tablet and capsule lubricant see Table I, although it may also be used as a binder or in combination with shellac as a tablet coating. It has also been suggested that stearic acid may be used as a sustained-release drug carrier. ... 

Triacetin is mainly used as a hydrophilic plasticizer in both aqueous and solvent-based polymeric coating of capsules, tablets, beads, and granules typical concentrations used are 10-35%... 

Novit ES. Understanding the effects of process-air humidity on tablet coating. Tablets and Capsules Magazine April 2006. 

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