Osmotic agent

The simplest osmotic dosage form, ALZA Corporation s OROS elementary osmotic pump (Fig. 7), combines the dmg and sometimes an osmotic agent in a monolithic core and deflvers the dmg in solution (102). The mass dehvery rate with time dm df) of the dmg solution is described by equation 4, where is the hydrauHc permeabiUty of the membrane, a is the membrane reflection coefficient, Atz is the osmotic pressure gradient, APis the hydrostatic back pressure, A is the area of the membrane, C is the dissolved concentration of the dmg, and b is the membrane thickness. 

Potassium 120 mM Osmotic agent, high concentration to inhibit efflux from cell... 

Bowlus, R.D. Somero, G.N. (1979). Solute compatibility with enzyme function and structure rationales for the selection of osmotic agents and end products of anaerobic metabolism in marine invertebrates. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 208, 137-52. 

Ben-Hayyim etal. (1987) demonstrated that cultured citrus cells selected for tolerance to NaCl were most tolerant to polyethylene glycol, followed by NaCl and then CaC. The exposure of the cells to any of these osmotic agents resulted in an increase in intracellular K. The authors concluded that K played a key role in the growth of cells exposed to salt. Other researchers have also suggested that K may play a significant role in the response of plant cells to salinity (Rains, 1972 Croughan, Stavarek Rains, 1978 ... 

The answers are 408-e, 409-c. (Hardman, pp 922-923.) Lactulose is a disaccharide that is not absorbed and, thus, acts as an osmotic agent in the gut. In the colon, lactulose is broken down by bacteria to lactic, formic, and acetic acids plus carbon dioxide, which tend to also increase motility... 

Drug therapy of an acute attack typically consists of an osmotic agent and secretory inhibitor (e.g., /1-blocker, a2 agonist, latanoprost, or CAI), with or without pilocarpine. 

Osmotic agents are used because they rapidly decrease IOP. Examples include glycerin, 1 to 2 g/kg orally, and mannitol, 1 to 2 g/kg IV. 

Glaucoma - 50 to 100 mg 2 or 3 times/day. May be used with miotic and osmotic agents. 

Pharmacology Oral solution induces diarrhea (onset, 30 to 60 minutes) that rapidly cleanses the bowel, usually within 4 hours. Polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350), a nonabsorbable solution, acts as an osmotic agent. 

The primary use of anhydrous glycerin (Ophthalgan) is as an osmotic agent that is applied topically to reduce corneal edema. Orally administered glycerin (Glycerol, Osmoglyn) is used to reduce intraocular pressure and vitreous volume before ocular surgery. 

Magnesium Osmotic agents increase Usually causes evacuation Simple constipation bowel prep for Magnesium may be absorbed and cause toxicity... 

A low concentration (0.01% for BZC and 0.1% for PS) of these materials can lead to nasal lesions in the rat however, this level is known as safe for human nasal mucosa exposure Related to the composition of the diet along with stress of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation (not seen with same diet in males and nonpregnant females) daily gavage administration of lOmL/kg of corn oil is not recommended to pregnant rats Cause of toxicity is not clearly understood but, in part, may be related to an adaptive response due to excretion of osmotic agents at extremely high concentration parenteral use of a- and (t-CDs is not recommended... 

Atypical parenteral o/w emulsion is composed of lipid droplets (10-20%), emulsiLer, and osmotic agent it is administered by either intravenous (IV) bolus or IV infusion. In addition, when an emulsion formulation is packed in a multidose container, antimicrobial agents should be included in the formulation to prevent the growth of microorganisms. 

Crospovidone Tablet disintegrant Sodium chloride Osmotic agent... 

The major formulation components of a typical osmotic delivery system include drug, osmotic agents, and a semipermeable membrane. 

Osmotic components usually are ionic compounds consisting of either inorganic salts or hydrophilic polymers. Osmotic agents can be any salt such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or sulfates of sodium or potassium and lithium. Additionally, sugars such as glucose, sorbitol, or sucrose or inorganic salts of carbohydrates can act as osmotic agents.18... 

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