Effervescent granules tableting

Solid dosage form includes capsules, granules, effervescent granules, powders, tablets, insufflations, suppositories (pessaries, bougies and ear cone) etc. 

Antacids Alka-Seltzer Original Effervescent Tablet (568) Alka-Seltzer Extra Strength Effervescent Tablet (588) Alka-Seltzer Gold (309) Alka-Seltzer Heartburn Relief (575) Brioschi (500/6 g dose) Bromo-Seltzer Granules (959/pre-measured packet) Citrocarbonate Effervescent Granules (701/tsp)... 

Effervescent tablets as well as effervescent granules and powders are mentioned in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), although it does not contain any monographs regarding specific drugs. ... 

With regard to compressibility and compactibility, the considerations pertaining to raw materials in effervescent products are similar to the ones that prevail in evaluating raw materials intended for conventional tablets. However, poor compactibility cannot usually be compensated for by the use of binders, as this will prevent a rapid dissolution of the effervescent tablet. Addition of a binder is generally not as critical for the dissolution of effervescent granules or powders. 

The use of binders will normally prevent a rapid dissolution of the effervescent tablet. Therefore, many effervescent tablets are formulated without any binder. However, effervescent granules may be formulated with binders since their large surface area, when compared withthat of the conventional or the effervescent tablet, will result in rapid dissolution. An effervescent... 

Effervescent granules can be tableted while still damp since moist citric acid acts as a lubricant. The compressed tablets are transferred immediately and continuously to ovens where they are dried. Drying also hardens them. " ... 

Citric acid (as either the monohydrate or anhydrous material) is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and food products, primarily to adjust the pH of solutions. It has also been used experimentally to adjust the pH of tablet matrices in enteric-coated formulations for colon-specific drug delivery. Citric acid monohydrate is used in the preparation of effervescent granules, while anhydrous citric acid is widely used in the preparation of effervescent tablets.Citric acid has also been... 

GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe (the E number E501 refers to potassium carbonates). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK and USA (chewable tablets effervescent granules effervescent tablets lozenges oral granules oral suspensions). Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. 

Tartaric acid is used in beverages, confectionery, food products, and pbarmaceutical formulations as an acidulant. It may also be used as a sequestering agent and as an antioxidant synergist. In pbarmaceutical formulations, it is widely used in combination with bicarbonates, as tbe acid component of effervescent granules, powders, and tablets. 

Povidone K 25 and povidone K 30 are very good binders for effervescent tablets, as they dissolve rapidly in water to form a clear solution. This particularly applies to effervescent vitamin tablets, e.g. ascorbic acid tablets [368 b]. Tables 65 and 66 give formulations for ranitidine effervescent tablets and multivitamin effervescent tablets as typical examples that were developed on a laboratory scale. For the granulation of multivitamin preparations, it is always preferable to use a fluidized bed. 

Multivitamin Effervescent Granules Multivitamin Effervescent Tablets... 

Magnesium Effervescent Granules Vitamin B Complex + Carnitine Tablet... 

Pharmaceutical contract manufacturing Powders, wet and dry granules, tablets (film coated, dispersible, effervescent) and associated equipment). 

Gergely et al. Effervescent system for effervescent tablets and effervescent granules. US Patent 5888544, March 30,1999. 

Effervescent granulation is an important step in the production of fizzy dosage forms that, most of the time, cannot be avoided to achieve the desired characteristics of the effervescent tablets. It is also very critical because it can affect the stability of the final dosage forms. 

The first effervescent preparations were described over two centuries ago in the official compendia they were in powder form for use as cathartic salts. Later, in 1815, a patent described a combination of neutral salt or powder which possesses all the properties of the medicinal spring of Seidlitz in Germany, under the name of Seidlitz Powders, which contains sodium potassium tartarate, sodium bicarbonate, and tartaric acid, in the proportions 3 1 1, respectively (1). Effervescent granules and tablets have become more and more popular as the dosage form because they are readily soluble and easy to consume just by drinking the glass of water where they are dissolved. 

Despite some disadvantages, wet granulation is still the most preferred method for effervescent granulation. As required for conventional tablets, this method assures homogeneous granules, suitable for compression, and is able to provide uniform tablets either in terms of weight or active ingredient content. 

All the previous sections provided an overview of all the possible technologies to manufacture effervescent granules but how to choose the most appropriate technique for a certain formulation. An interesting study to figure out the best production method for effervescent tablets was presented by Laugier and Rona (Table 2) (37). 

Sales of Ca supplements alone were 875 million in the United States in 2002, and comprised 60% of all mineral supplement sales (Anonymous, 2004). In 2004, sales of Ca supplements increased by 9.3% (Uhland et ah, 2004), possibly to some extent in response to the Surgeon General s report on bone health that was issued that year. More recently in 2006, it was projected that dietary supplement sales in the United States would approach 5 billion (Anonymous, 2006). While Ca derived from a balanced diet is preferable, Ca supplements are a popular noncaloric alternative for increasing daily Ca intake. There are a vast number of oral Ca supplements available in the market place in the form of capsules, tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, liquids, powders, suspensions, wafers, and granules. However, not all Ca salts are equally soluble or bioavailable and the dose of Ca on the label of a supplement may not necessarily be reflective of the relative amount of available Ca once consumed. Furthermore, the same Ca salt may be more or less bioavailable depending on the production process and materials used to manufacture the supplement. 

Dissolve effervescent tablets and granules in 6-8 oz water before drinking... 

Granulate mixture I with solution II, pass through a 0.5 mm-sieve, and dry at 60 °C. Dry mixture III also at 60 °C and mix together with l/ll and IV. At maximum 30% relative atmospheric humidity, press to effervescent tablets. 

Available as anhydrous and monohydrate anhydrous material used for direct compression due to superior compressibility Originally direct-compression excipient, now often included in granulations due to its excellent compressibihty Direct-compression diluent, often used in chewable tablets Was widely used as sweetener/filler in effervescent tablets and chewable tablets less popular nowadays due to cariogenicity Versatile material that can be used as diluent binder, and disintegtant Brittle material... 

Conventional processing equipment (mixers, granulators, roller compactors, drying equipment, and mills) can be used to produce effervescent preparations if the influence of atmospheric moisture is considered. As a rule, tablet presses have to be adapted to handle effervescent products, except for tablets with a sufficient proportion of a self-lubricating substance, such as acetylsalicylic acid. 

Both chemical and physical properties have to be considered when evaluating effervescent products. In this review, only the physical properties will be discussed, except where the chemical characteristics are especially influenced by the effervescent base. For more detail, Ph. Eur. includes a special disintegration test for effervescent tablets and granules. ... 

Effervescent products are usually packed in individual aluminum foil pouches and effervescent tablets are often packed in metal tubes. To avoid excessive laminate stress, the dimensions of the sachets should be adapted to the dimensions of the tablet or the amount of granulate. These pouches are arranged in conveniently sized strips and stacked in a paperboard box. 

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