Diets Broilers

Male mice exposed to 7.3 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks had significantly decreased spleen weights and decreased neutrophil counts (Hoechst 1984b), indicating that immune activity in mice may also be affected. An intermediate-duration oral MRL of 0.005 mg/kg/day was derived based on the NOAEL of 0.45 mg/kg/day for immunotoxicity identified in the Banerjee and Hussain (1986) study. In support of these positive findings, Khurana et al. (1998) observed decreased macrophage functionality, in the absence of any other apparent toxicological effects, in 1-day-old broiler chicks fed 30 ppm endosulfan in the diet for 4 or 8 weeks. 

Jin L.Z., Ho Y.W., Abdullah N. and Jalaludin S. (2000). Digestive and bacterial enzyme activities in broilers fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus cultures . Poult Sci, 79, 886-891. 

Broiler chicks fed diets for 4 weeks containing 500 mg Ni (as nickel sulfate or nickel acetate)/kg ration Normal growth in body weight 4, 5, 7... 

Gomez, G., M. Valdivieso, J. Santos, and C. Hoyos. 1983. Evaluation of cassava root meal prepared from low- or high-cyanide containing cultivars in pig and broiler diets. Nutr. Rep. Inter. 28 693-704. 

Cs/kg ration for 4 weeks Broiler chickens fed diets containing 400 Bq egg contents (29-33 Bq/kg egg 2 Bq egg) 9% in muscle (171 Bq/kg FW) and 81% in excreta Feeding with bentonite reduced, 37Cs 7... 

Nutrition research on winged bean has mainly focused upon the tough, mature seed, which is rich in protein and oil. The seeds are occasionally consumed in Indonesia and Papua NewGuinea (59, 60). A survey of 240 winged bean accessions from 16 countries showed that the protein and oil contents range between 20.7-45.9% and 7.2-21.5% respectively (13). Studies on the evaluation of seed flour as an alternative feed source for livestock has only recently begun. The two most commonly used plant protein sources in broiler (chicken) diets to date have been soybean and peanut cake (62). 

CCM is considered to ameliorate the interfering effect of phytates consumed by animals, and as a result enhance Ca absorption and bioavailability. A study in chicks by Lihono et ah (1997a) directly investigated this possibility in food derived from soy beans. The effects of microbially derived phytase enzyme treatments on the bioavailability of Ca from soy-based foods fed to young male broiler chickens were examined in two separate experiments. In experiment one, the effect of phytase was tested when day-old chicks were fed com/soybean-meal-based diets, with or without 0.12% added phytase, that also included Ca from CCM (at levels 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% to provide total Ca of 0.45%, 0.55%, 0.65%, and 0.75%, respectively) or Ca from CaCOs (at the 1% level, which... 

Broiler chickens fed diets containing 400 Bq Feeding with bentonite reduced Cs 7... 

A trial was conducted with 2800 Ross-Hubbard male broiler chicks to check the efficacy of phytase addition to the feed (Harper, 1999). Diets were formulated to contain either the typical diet used in the industry with 0.425% non-phytate phosphorus (P) as control, or two reduced levels of non-phytate P (0.225% and 0.325%) and three levels of phytase (0, 300, and 600 phytase units per kilogram feed). Before treatments were assigned, all chicks until three weeks of age were fed a commercial starter mash adequate in all nutrients. 

Table 6.5 Efficacy of added microbial phytase in broiler grower and finisher diets control versus treatment comparisons at six weeks of age.

Gonzalez-Esquerra, R. and Leeson, S. 2000. Effects of menhaden oil and flaxseed in broiler diets on sensory quality and lipid composition of poultry meat. British Poultry Sci. 41, 481—488. Gonzalez-Esquerra, R. and Leeson, S. 2001. Alternatives for enrichment of eggs and chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acids. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 295-305. 

Toor, G. S., Peak, J. D., and Sims, J.T. (2005). Phosphorus speciation in broiler htter and turkey manure produced from modified diets. J. Environ. Qual. 34, 687-697. 

Van Cauwenberghe and Burnham (2001) and Firman and Boling (1998) reviewed various estimates of ideal proportions of AAs in broiler, layer and turkey diets based on digestible AAs and lysine as the first limiting AA. These estimates are shown in Tables 3.1-3.3. 

Table 3.10. NRC (1994) estimated nutrient requirements of broiler chickens, amounts/kg diet (900g/kg DM basis).3...

Patel, K.P., Edwards, H.M. and Baker, D.H. (1997) Removal of vitamin and trace mineral supplements from broiler finisher diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6, 191-198. 

Draganov (1986) reviewed findings on the utilization of brewers grains in poultry and livestock diets and concluded that it could be used as a partial substitute for wheat bran, soybean meal and sunflower seed meal in poultry diets, e.g. at levels up to 200g/kg in broiler diets. More recent research, however, has indicated that dried brewers grains caused a reduction in feed intake when included in broiler diets at more than lOOg/kg (Onifade and Babatunde, 1998). Results with laying hens indicated a reduction in body... 

Maize gluten meal is not a very suitable feed for poultry since it is of relatively low palatability and being very deficient in lysine has an imbalanced AA profile. However, it can be incorporated in broiler and layer diets as a source of natural yellow pigment since it is rich in xanthophyll pigments (up to 300mg/kg). Maize gluten meal may no longer be available or economic for feed use as it is used extensively as a natural weed-killer in horticulture. 

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