California mandate

Whether the California ZEV program will meet its goals is unclear. The initial compliance dates were rolled back in 2003 after the failure of pilot electric vehicle programs made it clear that manufacturers could not meet the targets. Manufacturers such as GM had introduced electric vehicles in the last decade precisely because of the California mandate. While electric vehicles were popular among customers who leased them, manufacturer support was short-lived. Both Ford and GM... 

The initial response of the aerosol industry was to cull the large list of excluded materials and find solvents and propellants that fit the CARB criteria. In the years since the 1991 California mandates, several select solvents and propellants have risen from the vast collection of undesirables. These popular ingredients are listed in Table 7. 

In the late 1980s attempts were made in California to shift fuel use to methanol in order to capture the air quaHty benefits of the reduced photochemical reactivity of the emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. Proposed legislation would mandate that some fraction of the sales of each vehicle manufacturer be capable of using methanol, and that fuel suppHers ensure that methanol was used in these vehicles. The legislation became a study of the California Advisory Board on Air QuaHty and Fuels. The report of the study recommended a broader approach to fuel quaHty and fuel choice that would define environmental objectives and allow the marketplace to determine which vehicle and fuel technologies were adequate to meet environmental objectives at lowest cost and maximum value to consumers. The report directed the California ARB to develop a regulatory approach that would preserve environmental objectives by using emissions standards that reflected the best potential of the cleanest fuels. 

California Advisory Board on Air QuaUty and Fuels, Vol. 1, Executive Summary, Vol. 2, Energy Security Report, Vol. 3, Environmental Health and Safety Report, Vol. 4, Economics Report, Vol. 5, Mandates and Incentives Report, San Francisco, Calif., June 13, 1990. 

The new law also establishes a clean fuel car pilot program in California, requiring the phase-in of tighter emission limits for 150,000 vehicles in model year 1996 and 300,000 by the model year 1999. These standards can be met with any combination of vehicle technology and cleaner fuels. The standards become even stricter in 2001. Other states can opt in to this program, though only through incentives, not sales or production mandates. 

Regulations imposed on auto makers to address a perceived air pollution crisis once again renewed EV interest in the early 1990s. Perhaps the most aggressive regulations were imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) low emission vehicle (LEV) program mandating that zero emission vehicles... 

In 1992, Volvo built an aluminum-bodied hybrid Environmental Concept Car (ECC) to California emission mandates. It had the recyclable plastic panels and water-based paints that are used by Volvo. A series hybrid drive train was used where a diesel gas turbine drives a generator to charge a battery pack to power an electric motor. The system is complex, but the car achieves good performance with low emissions and a 400-mile range. 

Zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate (California and north-eastern states)... 

Refineries generate a large amount of hazardous wastes. As a result, they have been hit hard by environmental regulations and unfavorable public opinion, and Congress mandated in 1984 that refineries minimize waste [79]. In California, refiners turned to waste minimization, or pollution prevention, en masse in 1991 when the state s Source Reduction and Hazardous Waste... 

The purpose of the converter is to reduce unbumed hydrocarbon emissions to 4 g/mile, CO to 40 g/mile, and NO to 0.4 g/mile. (The mixed units are those in several Federal Clean Air Acts, which mandate these maximum emissions.) In California these standards are even more stringent, and lower levels are mandated to be required in several years throughout... 

This type of emission control system has been in use in limited volumes in California since the 1977 model year, on nearly all California cars in the 1980 model year, and will apparently be on a majority of cars in this country in the 1981 model year. No other method has been nearly as effective in meeting the federally mandated emission requirements without severe penalties in performance and/or fuel economy. 

California Air Resources Board, Definition of a Low-Emission Motor Vehicle in Compliance with the Mandates of Health and Safety Code Sections 39037.5 (Assembly Bill 234, Leonard, 1987). Available from the California Air Resources Board, Mobile Source Division, 9528 Telstar Ave., El Monte, CA, May 1989. 

The installed capacities for hydrotreating distillates are predominantly moderate-pressure reactors (up to 3 MPa). Typical conditions used in today s commercial processes are summarized in Table IV (7). In the U.S., the Clean Air Act mandated that low-emission fuels will have to be developed for future use. Industry responded quickly, and by 1994 typical diesel fuels in the U.S. contained 0.05% S, with average cetane numbers of 42 and 31-37% aromatics. California imposed stricter standards, requiring 0.05% S and a minimum of 48 cetane with an emission that did not exceed that of a 10% aromatic fuel. This is the present standard for California Air Resources Board (CARB) certification. Through the development of improved processing and additives that lower emissions, Chevron was the... 

As a result of atmospheric pollution levels that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in many parts of the United States, both the federal government and the State of California have implemented standards for exhaust and evaporative emissions from new vehicles (see Exhaust control, AUTOMOTIVE). The first of these standards went into effect in 1968 and mandated that the vapors from the vehicle crankcase be routed back through the engine and burned. Since then, the standards have continued to grow stricter. Table 7 shows the federal exhaust emission standards and Table 8 shows the more stringent California standards. California has mandated that starting in 1998 a certain percentage of new vehicles sales must be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV). 

In 2000, California voters approved a ballot measure that allows state courts to sentence first- and secondtime drug use offenders to rehabilitative treatment rather than jail or prison. The measure, Proposition 36 (Prop. 36), also known as the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act, took effect July 1, 2001. As of March 1, 2002, more than 15,000 individuals had been referred to treatment under Prop. 36. The law mandates probation and drug abuse treatment for offenders instead of jail time. Persons sentenced under Prop. 36 are required to spend up to a year in a state-approved treatment regimen. Treatment can include outpatient care, inpatient treatment at a halfway house, psychotherapy, and drug education and prevention classes. The law applies to persons convicted of possession of amyl nitrite without a prescription. 

The philosophy behind the law is two-fold. First, it frees up jail and prison space for persons convicted of violent offenses. Second, it mandates treatment and education that a drug user may not get in jail. Prop. 36 s overall goal is to reduce repeat drug use and lower crime rates. Drug policy officials say it is too early to determine if the California program is successful in achieving either of these goals. A similar measure, Proposition 200, was approved by voters in Arizona in 1996. 

In contrast to the inaction at the federal level, 20 American states and the District of Columbia require the utilities within their states to use some renewable energy. In addition, 17 states are working on tailpipe emission standards that would force car manufacturers to increase the fuel efficiency of their cars. California and 16 other states want to raise the average mileage in their states to 43 mpg, which new standard would affect half of the automobiles in America. Currently 25 states support mandates for renewable energy and 18 states want to cap industrial carbon emissions. 

As a result of the same petition that led to CA TB 603 and 16 CFR 1633, California AB 603 also mandated that filled bed products, such as comforters, pillows, and bed spreads, should also exhibit... 

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