Series hybrid

Small, lightweight Series Hybrid Charge Sustaining 62.4 71.1 75.7 85.2... 

Midsize (1995 materials) Series Hybrid Charge Sustaining 39.2 48.2 47.9 58.5... 

Johansson, L., and Rose, T. (1997). A Stirling Power Unit for Series Hybrid Vehicles. Stirling Thermal Motors, Poster at the 1997 Customer Co-ordiiiatiou Meeting (October). 

In 1992, Volvo built an aluminum-bodied hybrid Environmental Concept Car (ECC) to California emission mandates. It had the recyclable plastic panels and water-based paints that are used by Volvo. A series hybrid drive train was used where a diesel gas turbine drives a generator to charge a battery pack to power an electric motor. The system is complex, but the car achieves good performance with low emissions and a 400-mile range. 

Series hybrids are electric cars with support from a small ICE, where only the electric motor propels the vehicle. There is no mechanical link between the combustion engine and the wheels. The ICE drives a generator that produces electricity that either flows to the electric motor that turns the wheels, or to a battery for storage. When the car is running solely on batteries, the engine turns on after the batteries have drained to a certain level and begins to recharge them. 

The University of Queensland. Development of the "ultra-commuter," an ultra light-weight, energy efficient, low-polluting, series-hybrid electric commuter vehicle. It will be partially powered by on-board solar cells, and a small scale ( 10 kW) PEM. Australia s University of Queensland... 

In the series hybrid vehicle a ZEBRA battery would complement the internal combustion engine. This combination could offer pollution-free motoring within cities, with the more powerful but dirty petrol/diesel motive power used for longer journeys. In the 100 kW h to 10 MW h energy range the batteries would be suited to load-levelling. The ZEBRA battery is now being mass-produced (MES-DEA, Stabio, Italy). 

The basic configurations for HTEVs aie the series hybrid and the parallel hybrid, which are shown in the Figs. 5.17 and 5.18, respectively [1]. In the series... 

The series hybrids are actually used only for particular applications, and the principal ones are diesel powered railway engines, ships, vehicles with a separated motor for each wheel. The main disadvantage of the series hybrid is that there is only an energy flow from the storage system to wheels, which must pass through all components of the configuration, while the fundamental advantage consists in a considerably low cost of the system. 

Yoo H, Sul SK, Park Y, Jeong J (2008) System integration and power-flow management for a series hybrid electric vehicle using supercapacitors and batteries. IEEE T Ind Appl 44 108-114... 

In 2007 at the Detroit Auto Show, General Motors Corporation introduced a PHEV that utilizes a lithium ion battery [9], The Volt is a plug-in series hybrid that is expected to be produced in 2010 [10], The average distance the American commuter travels today is approximately 64 km, or 40 miles, according to US News and World Report [11], The Volt design is set to run purely on electrical power for the first 40 miles, which will cover the range of the average commute... 

RailPower Technologies Corp. luly 12, 2006. GG series Hybrid yard switcher, railpower. com... 

Fig. 11.17. Influence of battery mass on fuel consumption in a series hybrid electric vehicle [10].

Fig. 11.19. Typical parallel-series hybrid battery architecture. Ground and communications to devices external to battery system not indicated.

General requirements. The attributes in Table 11.20 are typical for parallel hybrid applications, and the attributes in Table 11.21 are typical for series hybrid vehicles. 

Controls and diagnostics for parallel-series hybrid vehicles. A typical set of control messages for hybrid vehicles is listed in Table 11.19. Although the variables are the same as those used in soft hybrids, the higher criticality of function implies that the calculated values, such as maximum source and sink currents, must be of even higher reliability if unexpected function fade or failure is to be avoided. 

High-voltage safety considerations require that the architecture of parallel- and series-hybrid vehicles include an integral BMM such that the battery can be controlled from within the pack. This assumes that the battery will be of an advanced design, such as Ni-MH, where safety requires fast, reliable, and self-contained communication with the contactor and charger. 

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