Chemical synthesis, butyric acid

Production of maleic anhydride by oxidation of / -butane represents one of butane s largest markets. Butane and LPG are also used as feedstocks for ethylene production by thermal cracking. A relatively new use for butane of growing importance is isomerization to isobutane, followed by dehydrogenation to isobutylene for use in MTBE synthesis. Smaller chemical uses include production of acetic acid and by-products. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is the principal by-product, though small amounts of formic, propionic, and butyric acid are also produced. / -Butane is also used as a solvent in Hquid—Hquid extraction of heavy oils in a deasphalting process. 

Previously, Wlodawer and coworkers (1989) had reported the complete chemical synthesis of HIV protease from L-amino acids (the L-enzyme), using the process shown in Figure 3-29. Normal HIV protease contains two Cys residues at positions 67 and 95. Because chemical synthesis of proteins containing Cys is technically difficult, Wlodawer and colleagues substituted the synthetic amino acid L-a-amino-TC-butyric acid (Aba) for the two Cys residues in the protein. In the authors words, this was done so as to reduce synthetic difficulties associated with Cys deprotection and ease product handling. ... 

Alcohol is distilled up to a content of 96% in one or more stages. About 1 % of ethanol consists of fusel oils (degradation products of amino acids) which can be used as solvents for lacquers and resins. Solids from the processed liquor containing proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts, riboflavin and other vitamins are used in poultry, swine and cattle feeds. C02 and H2 produced in butanol-acetone-butyric acid production can be used for the chemical synthesis of methanol and ammonia, or are burned. 

As already indicated, a special problem with esters is their preparation from two natural precursor molecules by a chemical ester synthesis. Such products have to be labelled nature-identical. For an interesting positional H-NMR study on ethyl butyrate from enzymatic esterification of beet ethanol with butyric acid from milk see [317]. Another chance to detect a corresponding adulteration would be a positional carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of the ester components. Isotope effects on the esterification reaction in question seem to influence characteristically the 8-values of the atoms involved, and hence form a basis for the origin assignment of these compounds (for further details see 6.2.2.4.4). 

Use Manufacture of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and dimethyl terephthalate chemical synthesis (methyl amines, methyl chloride, methyl methacrylate) antifreeze solvent for nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl butyral, shellac, rosin, manila resin, dyes denaturant for ethanol dehydrator for natural gas fuel for utility plants (methyl fuel) feedstock for manufacture of synthetic proteins by continuous fermentation source of hydrogen for fuel cells home-heating-oil extender. 

In addition to the synthesis of organic acids, many LAB can also produce other interesting metabolites such as antibacterial compounds (e.g., bacteriocins) [7], aroma compounds (diacetyl, acetoin, etc.), vitamins, exopolysaccharides (EPS), low-calorie sugars (e.g., mannitol), short-chain fatty acids, and y-amino butyric acid (GABA) [4,8]. Owing to this metabolic versatihty, these bacteria can be used as microbial cell factories in the production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, or other industrially relevant products [1, 9]. 

NFPA Health 1, Flammability 3, Reactivily 0 Uses Industrial solvent mfg. of formaldehyde, acetic acid, dimethyl tereph-thalate, methyl esters chemical synthesis antifreeze solvent for nitrocellulose, polyvinyl butyral, shellac, rosin, manila resin, dyes, paints, waterborne coatings plastics softener denaturanL solvent in cosmetics octane booster in gasoline as fuel for picnic stoves, soldering torches extractant for animal/veg. oils extraction solvent for hops extract, spice oleoresins (foods) pharmaceutical solvent, excipient in food-pkg. adhesives in paper/paperboard in contact with dry food defoamer in food-contact coatings and paper/paperboard solvent in food-contact PRO resins... 

SCHEME 12.1 Synthesis of the bifunctional monomer, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl-3-pyrrolyl butyrate, via esterification reaction between 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and lH-pyrrole-3-butyric acid. (Brahim, S., A.M. Wilson, D. Narinesingh, E. Iwuoha, and A. Guiseppi-Elie. 2003. Chemical and biological sensors based on electrochemical election using conducting electroactive polymers. Microchim Acta 143 (2-3) 123. 

Chemical processes dominate the production of short-chain organic acids. The primary route of synthesis employs the "Oxo process (Billig and Bryant 1991). Propionic acid is made by oxo synthesis of propionaldehyde from ethylene, CO, and H2 with a rhodium catalyst. liquid-phase oxidation of the aldehyde yields propionic add. Butyric acid is made by air oxidation of butyraldehyde, which is synthesized by the 0x0 process fi-om propylene, CO, and H2. The triphenylphosphine-modified rhodium 0x0 process, termed the LP Oxo process, is the industry standard for the hydroformylation of ethylene and propylene (Billig and Bryant 1991). Also pure propionic acid can be obtained from propionitrile or by oxidation of propane gas. 

Significant improvements in the yield, productivity, and selectivity of the fermentations producing propionic acid or butyric acid would be required if these methods were to become competitive with chemical synthesis methods used for industrial applications of these acids as commodity chemicals. 

Today, chemical synthesis of propionic and butyric acids dominates the production of these and most other organic acids used in industry. However, since these organic acids are added to products for human consumption by both the food and pharmaceutical industries, consumer demand for natural sources ... 

FIGURE 7.1 Chemical synthesis of butyric acid using different precursors as a starting material using one step and a high yield. 

FIGURE 7.2 Chemical synthesis of butyric acid to butanol using different one-step synthetic routes. 

Compounding these ambiguities are recent observations we have made monitoring sialylation, by two different methods, of a recombinant immunoadhesion molecule, GPl-IgG [29], over the course of a CHO cell culture under high productivity conditions in which sodium butyrate is added as an inducer of protein synthesis (Figure 2). A 10 1 bioreactor culture of CHO cells secreting GPl-IgG was established and samples of the culture were withdrawn every 24 hr. The recombinant protein was isolated, the titers of the protein quantified, and the sialic acid content determined by chemical analysis. With these data the sialic acid levels of the newly synthesized protein could also be calculated for each 24 hr interval. 

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