Y-Amino butyric acid

In addition to the twenty amino acids commonly found in proteins, two others—selenocysteine and pyrrolysine—are found in some organisms, and more than 700 nonprotein amino acids are also found in nature. y-Amino-butyric acid (GABA), for instance, is found in the brain and acts as a neurotransmitter homocysteine is found in blood and is linked to coronary heart disease and thyroxine is found in the thyroid gland, where it acts as a hormone. 

Neurotransmitter Transporters. Table 2 SLC6 family transporters for GABA (y-amino butyric acid) and glycine... 

Gaba-Bx y-Amino butyric acid Beta sp., Opuntia sp. 2,39,45... 

Melatonin (ML1A, ML1B) Dopamine (Dl, D2, D4, D5) y-Amino butyric acid (GABAB) Leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4)... 

The epilepsies constitute a common, serious neurological disorder in humans, affecting approximately 60 million people worldwide. Well in excess of 40 distinct epileptic syndromes have been identified to date. Current treatment is only symptomatic except in uncommon instances when surgical treatment is possible. While available antiseizure medications target ion channels such as the y-amino-butyric acid (GABA)a receptor and voltage activated sodium (Na+) channels, current research seeks to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a normal brain becomes epileptic. Hopefully, this research will lead to the identification of new targets for which small molecules can be identified and used for prevention or cure of epilepsy. 

Piepponen TP, Skujins A. 2001. Rapid and sensitive step gradient assays of glutamate, glycine, taurine and y-amino-butyric acid by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection with o-phthalaldehyde-mercap-toethanol derivatization with emphasis on microdialysis samples. J Chromatogr B 757 277-283. 

List of Abbreviations ACh, acetylcholine DNPP, diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate GABA, y-amino-butyric acid nAGhR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor... 

After decontamination by emesis or lavage, patients should be carefully monitored for alterations in liver and kidney function, and treated symptomatically if necesseray. Seizures can be treated with anti-convulsant drugs. Because the toxin produces a deficiency of y-amino-butyric acid (GABA), specific treatment with pyridoxine (vitamin Bg) has been recommended. 

Moaddel, R., Clorx, J.-F., Ertem, G., Wainer, I. W. Multiple receptor liquid chromatographic stationary phases the co-immobilization of nicotinic receptors, y-amino-butyric acid receptors, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Pharm Res 2002, 19, 104-107. 

Storage conditions and preservation treatments also can affect the free amino acid content. Some authors [242] reported changes in the concentration of free amino acids of broccoli florets stored in air or in controlled atmospheres. Arginine concentration varied greatly during air storage, while y-amino butyric acid, alanine and an unidentified amino acid accumulated in response to low O2 and/or high CO2 treatment. 

Cl dependence has been chiefly associated with amino acids which are not typical amino acids. These include taurine, -alanine, y-amino butyric acid (GABA), and betaine (Schon and Kelly, 1975 Kanner, 1978 Chesney, 1985 Turner, 1986 Kanner and Bendahan, 1990 Tiruppathi et al., 1992 Yamauchi et al., 1992). To a significant extent, some of these atypical amino acids (as well as glycine) are also neurotransmitters, although NaCl-coupled cotransport of these atypical amino acids also occurs outside the nervous system. The specificity for chloride is high. Of the anions tested (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3, and glucuronate) as replacements, only sulphate has proved an effective substitute in a nominal way (25-50% of the activity in chloride see Turner, 1986). 

Location of dopaminergic neurons deficient in Parkinson s disease. DA=dopamine GABA= Y-amino-butyric acid ACh=Acetylcholine. 

Neurotransmitters such as catecholamines (dopamine, serotonine), glutamate, y-amino butyric acid (GABA), or NO are low-molecular compounds which are released upon stimulation from neurons enabling... 

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