Butanol chemical intermediate

Glycol Ethers. Glycol ethers are produced by reaction of propylene oxide with various alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, and phenol. The products are the mono-, di-, and tripropylene glycol ethers. These products are used in protective coatings, inks, textile dyeing, cleaners, antiicing additives for jet fuel, and as chemical intermediates (276). 

Acetone-butanol Clostridium acetobutylicum Solvents, chemical intermediate... 

Ethanol s use as a chemical intermediate (Table 8) suffered considerably from its replacement in the production of acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, acetic acid, and ethylhexanol. The switch from the ethanol route to those products has depressed demand for ethanol by more than 300 x 106 L (80 x 106 gal) since 1970. This decrease reflects newer technologies for the manufacture of acetaldehyde and acetic acid, which is the largest use for acetaldehyde, by direct routes using ethylene, butane (173), and methanol. Oxo processes (qv) such as Union Carbide s Low Pressure Oxo process for the production of butanol and ethylhexanol have totally replaced the processes based on acetaldehyde. For example, U.S. consumption of ethanol for acetaldehyde manufacture declined steadily from 50% in 1962 to 37% in 1964 and none in 1990. Butadiene was made from ethanol on a large scale during Wodd War II, but this route is no longer competitive with butadiene derived from petroleum operations. 

Platform chemicals are compounds that serve as building blocks for numerous chemical intermediates and end products. An example is ethylene, which serves as the feedstock for derivatives such as acetaldehyde, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, polyethylene, vinyl acetate, and ethyl acetate. Biobased chemicals such as succinic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP), and butanol also have the potential to be converted into multiple derivatives, some of which are commodity chemicals and others that are higher-value chemicals. 

NB. [Angus] 2-Nitro-l-butanol chemical and pharmaceutical intermediate, in tire cord adhesives, as formaldehyde release agents, deodorant antimicrobials. 

Isobutanol is used as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of isobutyl esters, isobutyl amines, and in isobutylated urea or melamine-coating resins. Isobutanol is used as a solvent in coating formulations with or without the cosolvent n-butanol. Nitrocellulose lacquers use isobutanol as a latent solvent, while the alcohol is an active solvent in automotive and furniture finishes, lacquers thinners, and hot spray lacquers. 

The one- and two-carbon aldehydes, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, are gaseous products at ambient temperatures. Formaldehyde boils at -2PC while acetaldehyde boils at 20 C. Formaldehyde is most often used as a 37-55 wt% aqueous solution or as an alcoholic solution containing some 55 wt% formaldehyde. Methanol and n-butanol are the two alcohols often used for the formaldehyde solutions. Other aliphatic aldehydes useful as chemical intermediates include propionaldehyde (b.p. 48 C) and two butyl aldehydes, rt-butyraldehyde (b.p. 75"C) and isobutyraldehyde (b.p. 64"C). The one commercially important heterocyclic aldehyde, furfural, is a high boiling-point (161.7 0 liquid. 

Butanol is considered a model VOC compound in this series. It may cause birth defects ataxia, central nervous system depression, prostration, and so on [45], and as a consequence, its complete elimination is highly demanded. In the environment, it is introduced fi om either natural sources or during its production, transport, storage, and use as a chemical intermediate and a solvent... 

Since their commercial introduction in 1926, glycol ethers have become valuable as industrial solvents and chemical intermediates. Because glycol monoethers contain a —OCH2CH2OH group, they resemble a combination of ether and ethyl alcohol in solvent properties. The most common alcohols used are methanol, ethanol, and butanol. Principal uses for the glycol ethers are as solvents for paints and lacquers, as intermediates in the production of plasticizers, and as ingredients in brake fluid formulations. 

Propylene oxide [75-56-9] (methyloxirane, 1,2-epoxypropane) is a significant organic chemical used primarily as a reaction intermediate for production of polyether polyols, propylene glycol, alkanolamines (qv), glycol ethers, and many other useful products (see Glycols). Propylene oxide was first prepared in 1861 by Oser and first polymerized by Levene and Walti in 1927 (1). Propylene oxide is manufactured by two basic processes the traditional chlorohydrin process (see Chlorohydrins) and the hydroperoxide process, where either / fZ-butanol (see Butyl alcohols) or styrene (qv) is a co-product. Research continues in an effort to develop a direct oxidation process to be used commercially. 

Acetaldehyde is an intermediate for many chemicals such as acetic acid, n-butanol, pentaerithritol, and polyacetaldehyde. 

Chemical/Physical. Complete hydrolysis yields 1-butanol and phosphoric acid via the intermediates dibutyl phosphate and monobutyl phosphate (Thomas and Macaskie, 1996). 

Another problem with fermentation products is often the limited outlet. The primary fermentation products such as alcohols require chemical transformations to convert them into species acceptable by the chemical industry as intermediates. This can normally occur through dehydration reactions [77]. For example, ethanol may need to be dehydrated into ethylene, isopropanol into propylene and n-butanol into n-butylene. These reactions are reversed petrochemical reactions and normally lead to products that have a lower selling price than the starting materials under the present structure of the chemical industry. For this reason, bioethanol is still used unchanged as an oxygenated gasoline additive. 

The key industrial applications and markets for normal and isobutanol and 2-ethylhexanol are discussed. As will be noted, the C4 oxo alcohols find use primarily within the coatings industry, either as solvents, per se, or as intermediates to manufacture solvents or protective coatings chemicals. Applications for 2-ethylhexanol, while numerous and varied, are basically oriented toward the manufacture of plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride. Total U.S. consumption of these alcohols in 1979 was approximately 1.3 billion pounds -730 million pounds of n-butanol, 190 million pounds of isobutanol, and 380 million pounds of 2-ethylhexanol. The consumption pattern is summarized in Table II and described in the following sections ... 

Manufacture of butylamines (n-butanol and ammonia) accounts for about 2 percent of n-butanol demand. The Cl amines are used primarily as intermediates in the manufacture of herbicides, rubber chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Consumption of n-butanol in butylamines is growing at a rate of about 5 percent per year. 

Carbon dioxide, water, ethane, ethylene, propane, ammonia, xenon, nitrous oxide, and fluoroform have been considered useful solvents for SEE. Carbon dioxide has so far been the most widely used as a supercritical solvent because of its convenient critical temperature, 304°K, low cost, chemical stability, nonflammability, and nontoxicity. Its polar character as a solvent is intermediate between a truly nonpolar solvent such as hexane and a weakly polar solvent. Moreover, COj also has a large molecular quadrupole. Therefore, it has some limited affinity with polar solutes. To improve its affinity, additional species are often introduced into the solvent as modifiers. For instance, methanol increases C02 s polarity, aliphatic hydrocarbons decrease it, toluene imparts aromaticity, R-2-butanol adds chirality, and tributyl phosphate enhances the solvation of metal complexes. 

A cost effective and easily scaled-up process has been developed for the synthesis of (S)-3-[2- (methylsulfonyl)oxy ethoxy]-4-(triphenylmethoxy)-1 -butanol methanesulfonate, a key intermediate used in the synthesis of a protein kinase C inhibitor drug through a combination of hetero-Diels-Alder and biocatalytic reactions. The Diels-Alder reaction between ethyl glyoxylate and butadiene was used to make racemic 2-ethoxycarbonyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran. Treatment of the racemic ester with Bacillus lentus protease resulted in the selective hydrolysis of the (R)-enantiomer and yielded (S)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran in excellent optical purity, which was reduced to (S)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl methanol. Tritylation of this alcohol, followed by reductive ozonolysis and mesylation afforded the product in 10-15% overall yield with excellent optical and chemical purity. Details of the process development work done on each step are given. 

As is all too commonly the case in fine chemical synthesis, the industrially required product is the a,/ -unsaturated alcohol, these being of major use as intermediates in the formation of perfumes, flavourings and pharmaceuticals.10 As expected Cu and Ni yield only butyraldehyde and butanol, although surprisingly a Cu-Ni alloy results in a selectivity of 54% crotyl alcohol.11 Platinum alone yields butyraldehyde selectively at 433 K, but the addition of iron results in the formation of crotyl alcohol.12,13 The use of liquid phase reactors has a significant effect on the selectivities observed in the reaction. For example, high selectivities to crotyl alcohol are observed for Ru, Re and Os on several supports, with Os/ZnO giving a reported selectivity of 97%.14 However, certainly in the case of Ru... 

AB . [Angus] 2-Amino-l-butanol pigment dispersant, neutralizing amine, corrosion inhibitor, acid-salt catalyst, pH buffer, chemical and pharmaceutical intermediate, solubilizer. 

Chem. Descrip. 2-Amlno-1-butanol CAS 96-20-8 EINECS/ELINCS 202-488-2 Uses Pigment dispersant neutralizing/emulsi ing amine corrosion inhibitor acid-salt catalyst pH buffer chemical and pharmaceutical intermediate solubilizer raw material in polymer synthesis formaldehyde scavenger in coalings, emulsions... 

Propylene is, next to ethylene, the most important basic chemical to produce not only polypropylene but also other intermediates for example propylene oxide and acrylonitrile. Just like ethylene, propylene can be produced via a hydrocarbon feedstock produced from a biomass [35-37]. Bio-glycerol produced as a byproduct of biodiesel can be dehydrogenated to produce propylene [48]. Bio-based ethylene can be dimerized to produce n-butene, which can then react with remaining ethylene via metathesis to produce propylene [49]. The use of fermentation products of biomass such as 1-butanol [50] enables the formation of n-butene, followed by a subsequent methathesis [49]. Alternatively, hydrothermal carboxylate reforming of fermentation products such as butyric acid or 3-hydroxybutyrate is also proposed as a viable option to propylene [51]. 

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