Brine effects

Sofer Z (1978) Isotopic composition hytotion water in gypsum. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42 1141-1149 Sofer Z, Gat JR (1972) Activities and concentrations of oxygen-18 in concentrated aqueous salt solutions Analytical and geophysical implications. Earth Planet Sci Lett 15 232-238 Sofer Z, Gat JR (1975) The isotope composition of evaporating brines Effects of the isotopic activity ratio in saline solutions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26 179-186... 

While it may be argued that the retention data may show a salinity effect (compare Cores 52 and 55, Table 2), this effect appears smaller than other observations. For some systems, Holland and Eirich have shown the resistance factor to be directly related to the intrinsic viscosity. The effect of brine concentration on the intrinsic viscosity of polyelectrolytes has been shown to decrease with increasing ionic strength. Consequently, the lack of a significant brine effect on measured resistance factors is explainable by the... 

The copper-chelating abihty of sahcylaldoxime has been used to remove copper from brine in a seawater desalination plant effluent. A carbon—sorbate bed produced by sorption of the oxime on carbon proved to be extremely effective in the continuous process (99). In another apphcation, the chelating abihty of sahcylaldoxime with iron and copper was used to stabilize bleaching powders containing inorganic peroxide salts (100). 

Scrubbing andDesliming. Sylvinite ores in North America contain 1—6 wt % water-insoluble clays. A significant portion of these clays is less than 0.002 mm in diameter. If not removed or controUed in some manner, clay bodies that are dispersed in the flotation solution, ie, brine saturated with KCl and NaCl, absorb the amine coUector, which is added to effect flotation separation, and the coUector is rendered ineffective. Clay is the most troublesome impurity encountered in the processing of sylvinite ore. 

Water is evaporated from purified brine using multiple-effect or vapor recompression evaporators (Figs. 3 and 4). Multiple-effect systems typically contain three or four forced-circulation evaporating vessels (Fig. 4) connected together in series. Steam from boilers suppHes the heat and is fed from one evaporator to the next to increase energy efficiency in the multiple-effect system. 

Electrodialysis. Electro dialytic membrane process technology is used extensively in Japan to produce granulated—evaporated salt. Filtered seawater is concentrated by membrane electro dialysis and evaporated in multiple-effect evaporators. Seawater can be concentrated to a product brine concentration of 200 g/L at a power consumption of 150 kWh/1 of NaCl (8). Improvements in membrane technology have reduced the power consumption and energy costs so that a high value-added product such as table salt can be produced economically by electro dialysis. However, industrial-grade salt produced in this manner caimot compete economically with the large quantities of low cost solar salt imported into Japan from Austraha and Mexico. 

Processing at Sead.es Lake, California, by North American Chemical is similar to that of Texas brines. Brine is cooled to 16°C to remove borax crystals, then cooled to 4°C which precipitates Glauber s salt. This salt is then separated from its mother Hquor, melted in multi-effect vacuum crystallizers to form anhydrous sodium sulfate, and dried. Both processes produce crystals that are 99.3—99.7% pure (9). 

Amoco developed polybutene olefin sulfonate for EOR (174). Exxon utilized a synthetic alcohol alkoxysulfate surfactant in a 104,000 ppm high brine Loudon, Illinois micellar polymer small field pilot test which was technically quite successful (175). This surfactant was selected because oil reservoirs have brine salinities varying from 0 to 200,000 ppm at temperatures between 10 and 100°C. Petroleum sulfonate apphcabdity is limited to about 70,000 ppm salinity reservoirs, even with the use of more soluble cosurfactants, unless an effective low salinity preflush is feasible. 

Obtaining maximum performance from a seawater distillation unit requires minimising the detrimental effects of scale formation. The term scale describes deposits of calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, or calcium sulfate that can form ia the brine heater and the heat-recovery condensers. The carbonates and the hydroxide are conventionally called alkaline scales, and the sulfate, nonalkaline scale. The presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions, the total concentration of which is referred to as the alkalinity of the seawater, leads to the alkaline scale formation. In seawater, the bicarbonate ions decompose to carbonate and hydroxide ions, giving most of the alkalinity. 

Fig. 6. Simplified schematic flow diagiam of a typical 4-effect veitical-tube multi-effect (VTE) desalination plant, where (—) represents brine, (- -)...

Monovalent cations are compatible with CMC and have Httle effect on solution properties when added in moderate amounts. An exception is sUver ion, which precipitates CMC. Divalent cations show borderline behavior and trivalent cations form insoluble salts or gels. The effects vary with the specific cation and counterion, pH, DS, and manner in which the CMC and salt are brought into contact. High DS (0.9—1.2) CMCs are more tolerant of monovalent salts than lower DS types, and CMC in solution tolerates higher quantities of added salt than dry CMC added to a brine solution. 

It is obvious that further strengthening of brine has no effect, and can cause a different reaction—salt sometimes freezes out in the installations where concentration is too high. 

If the untreated brine has the proper pH value, the acidifying effect of the dichromate may be neutralizea by adding commercial flake caustic soda (76 percent pure) in quantity that corresponds to 27 percent of sodium dichromate used, Caustic soda must be thoroughly dissolved in warm water before it is added to the brine,... 

Parallel feed involves the introduc tion of raw feed and the withdrawal of produc t at each effect of the evaporator. It is used primarily when the feed is substantiallv saturated and the product is a sohd. An example is the evaporation of brine to make common salt. Evaporators of the types shown in Fig. 11-122Z or e are used, and the produc t is withdrawn as a shiny. In this case, parallel feed is desirable because the feed washes impurities from the salt leaving the body. 

Osmotic Pinch Ejfect Feed is pumped into the membrane train, and as it flows through the membrane array, sensible pressure is lost due to fric tion effects. Simultaneously, as water permeates, leaving salts behind, osmotic pressure increases. There is no known practical alternative to having the lowest pressure and the highest salt concentration occur simultaneously at the exit of the train, the point where AP — AH is minimized. This point is known as the osmotic pinch, and it is the point backward from which hydrauhe design takes place. A corollary factor is that the permeate produced at the pinch is of the lowest quality anywhere in the array. Commonly, this permeate is below the required quahty, so the usual prac tice is to design around average-permeate quality, not incremental quahty. A I MPa overpressure at the pinch is preferred, but the minimum brine pressure tolerable is 1.1 times H. 

Salz-wasserkiihlung, /, brine cooling, -werk, n. salt works, saline, saltern, -wirkung, /. effect (or action) of salt, -zusatz, m. addition of salt. 

Acrylamide polymers are used as multipurpose additives in the oil-producing industry. Introduction of polymers into drilling fluids-drilling muds improves the rheological properties of the fluids in question, positively affects the size of suspended particles, and adds to filterability of well preparation to operation. Another important function is soil structure formation, which imparts additional strength to the well walls. A positive effect is also observed in secondary oil production, where acrylamide polymers additives improve the mobility of aqueous brines injections, which contribute to... 

Downhole temperature effect on the brine density—Table 4-69 [26]. 

The salts content of soils may be markedly altered by man s activities. The effect of cathodic protection will be discussed later in this section. Fertiliser use, particularly the heavy doses used in lawn care, introduces many chemicals into the soil. Industrial wastes, salt brines from petroleum production, thawing salts on walks and roads, weed-killing salts at the base of metal structures, and many other situations could be cited as examples of alteration of the soil solution. In tidal areas or in soils near extensive salt deposits, depletion of fresh ground-water supplies has resulted in a flow of brackish or salty sea water into these soils, causing increased corrosion. 

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