Brightening

Inoredi ents Phosphoric Acid (B5%) Aerosol 22 Surfactant Aerosol OS Surfactant Butyl Cellosolve Water 

Aerosol OS Surfactant Aerosol 22 Surfactant Citric Acid Ammonium B1fluoride Benzenesulfonic Acid Phosphoric Acid (85%) 

2) The level of Burco BSGH-400 is preferably equal to the sum of Burco NPS-225 and Burco TME. 

4) Premix all components but NaOH, then add NaOH with stirring. 

From an historical perspective, it is interesting to note that there are subsequent references to bump formation or superleveling in the former-Soviet literature, although no mechanistic explanation of the phenomena was offered [317-319]. The observation of bumps above filled features was also the first indication that leveling models could not explain superfilling of sub-micrometer features in the Damascene copper process [333-335], Driven by this observation the area change mechanism [66-68] was rediscovered in 2000-2001 by researchers as the CEAC mecha- 

For shape change simulations a general statement of catalyst evolution on the moving interface includes SPS adsorption, consumption (Equation 2.22) and area changes associated with the interface motion (Equation 2.4). 

In addition, an exact algebraic solution for the incubation period of bottom-up filling has been described for the situation when catalyst is pre-adsorbed and negligible consumption occurs during subsequent metal deposition [344], As with the string model, this analytical solution captures the essential aspects of the shape transitions that accompany the trench superfilling CEAC dynamic. The analytical solution also provides a metric for evaluating the accuracy of numerical models and associated computer codes. 

Further deposition results in bump formation above the trench that in practice is often referred to as momentum plating. From this point on, the expanding surface area associated with further advance of the now convex section results in progressive dilution of the local catalyst coverage. The simulation also reveals the importance of 

TheXPS data are delineated as solid circles with the line being only a guide to the eye (source Ref. [72]). 

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Unsubstituted 2-aminothiazole was proposed as a food seasoning (1020). This product w as found the most effective brightener for a... 

Optical amplifiers Optical bleaches Optical brighteners... 

Mordant Red 27 [6539-224] 45180 Brightener 74 Chromoxane 4.5 4.5 American Hoechst Corp. 

Phenylstilben-4-yl)benzoxazoles are prepared by means of the anil synthesis from 2-(4-methylphenyl)benzoxazoles and 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde anil, and used for brightening polyester fibers (24,25). An example is (3) [16143-18-3]. 

Bis(azol-2-5l)stilbenes (2(i]ll such as (4) have been prepared. 4,4 -Dihydrazinostilbene-2,2 -disulfonic acid, obtained from the diamino compound, on treatment with 2 moles of oximinoacetophenone and subsequent ring closure, leads to the formation of (4) [23743-28 ]. Such compounds are used chiefly as washing powder additives for the brightening of cotton fabrics, and exhibit excellent light- and hypochlorite-stabiUty. 

PyraZolines. l,3-Diphenyl-2-pyia2olines (7) (Table 2) aie obtainable from appiopiiately substituted phenyUiydiazines by the Knoii reaction with either P-chloro- or P-dimethylaminopropiophenones (30,31). They are employed for brightening synthetic fibers such as polyamides, cellulose acetates, and polyacrylonitriles. 

Bis(benZoxaZol-2-yl) Derivatives. Bis(benzoxazol-2-yl) derivatives (8) (Table 3) aie prepared in most cases by treatment of dicaiboxyhc acid derivatives of the central nucleus, eg, stilbene-4,4Cdicarboxyhc acid, naphthalene-l,4-dicarboxyhc acid, thiophene-2,5-dicarboxyhc acid, etc, with 2 moles of an appropriately substituted o-aminophenol, followed by a ring-closure reaction. These compounds are suitable for the brightening of plastics and synthetic fibers. 

Goumanns. By treatment of flax with escuUn, a glucoside of esculetin [305-01-1] (10), a brightening effect is achieved however, this effect is not fast to washing and light. The use of P-methylumbeUiferone [90-33-5] (11) and similar compounds as brighteners for textiles and soap has been patented. 

As improvements over P-methylumbeUiferone (55—57), 4-methyl-7-amino-coumarin [26093-31-2] (12a) and 7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarin [87-014] (12b) (58—61) were proposed. These compounds are used for brightening wool and nylon either in soap powders or detergents, or as salts under acid dyeing conditions. They are obtained by the Pechmaim synthesis from appropriately substituted phenols and P-ketocarboxyflc acid esters or nitriles in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts (see Coumarin). 

A further development in the coumarin series is the use of derivatives of 3-phenyl-7-aminocoumarin ((13) where R, R = Cl or substituted amines) as building blocks for a series of light-stable brighteners for various plastics and synthetic fibers, and, as the quatemi2ed compounds, for brightening polyacrylonitrile (62). 

The pyrene derivative (17) [3271-22-5] is obtainable by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of pyrene with 2,4-dimethoxy-6-chloro-j -triazine, and is used for brightening polyester fibers (75). 

Oiiaternized pyridotriazoles can be used for brightening acryflc fibers (76). 

Both -hydroxybenzaldehyde and its methyl ether, -methoxybenzaldehyde [123-11-5] (p-anisaldehyde) have found extensive use in electroplating. The most widespread appHcation has been in alkaline bright zinc plating, both in non-cyanide (77) and in cyanide-containing (78) baths. The aldehydes act as both brightening and leveling agents. 

Material Protection. The graft copolymers of ethylene sulfide on polyethyleneimine can be used as an antifouHng anticorrosion substrate for iron (439). PEIs or their derivatives are also used in electrolysis baths as brighteners in the electrochemical deposition of metals (440,441). 

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