Washing powder additives

Bis(azol-2-5l)stilbenes (2(i]ll such as (4) have been prepared. 4,4 -Dihydrazinostilbene-2,2 -disulfonic acid, obtained from the diamino compound, on treatment with 2 moles of oximinoacetophenone and subsequent ring closure, leads to the formation of (4) [23743-28 ]. Such compounds are used chiefly as washing powder additives for the brightening of cotton fabrics, and exhibit excellent light- and hypochlorite-stabiUty. 

Zinc powder (32.8 g,0.5 moles) is washed successively with hydrochloric acid (3%, 4 X 25 ml), distilled water (4 x 30 ml), aqueous copper sulfate (2%, 2 X 50 ml), distilled water (4 x 30 ml), absolute ethanol (4 x 30 ml) and absolute ether (5 x 25 ml). The washings are performed conveniently by stirring a mixture of the zinc powder and each wash solution with a porcelain spatula in an open beaker and then decanting the supernatant liquid. The couple is finally transferred to a Buchner funnel, washed with additional anhydrous ether, and then vacuum-dried in a round-bottom flask. 

Preparation of Poly(p-Acetoxystyrene) (III) A 9.95 g aliquot of p-acetoxystyrene and 0.0997 g AIBN were added to 60 ml of toluene in a 100 ml 2-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a water-cooled condenser, nitrogen inlet and outlet. The mixture was heated to 70-75"C under nitrogen for 24 hours. Precipitation of the polymeric solution in methanol and subsequent filtering and washing with additional methanol gave a white powder. Drying in the vacuum oven overnight at room temperature, afforded 5.46 g (55%) of poly(p-acetoxystyrene) (III). (Mn = 1.17 x 104, Mz = 2.06 x 104, polydispersity — 1.76 (gpc), Mn — 1.85 x 4). 

Each oxide powder was washed copiously with pure isopropanol, dispersed in a KBr pellet, and analyzed via infrared transmission for organic contaminants and to obtain reference spectra of the blank oxides. The washed powders were then air-dried and placed aside in a desiccator. Next, 500 ml of 0.01 M solution of isooctyl thioglycolate (OTG) in isopropanol was prepared and 15 ml glass vials were then filled with approximately 0.50 g of each powder. This was followed by the addition of about 10 ml of the OTG solution to each vial. The vials were then seated and agitated for about 10 min. This... 

To a magnetically stirred solution of bromobis[2,3-butanedione dioximato(l-)]-(dimethyl sulfide)cobalt(III) (8.6 g, 0.02 mole) (see above) and dry dichloro-methane (100 mL) in a 500-mL round-bottomed flask is added 3.4 mL of 4-tert-butylpyridine (4-rm-bupy) (3.1 g, 0.02 mole). After the solution is stirred for 1 hour, the solvent is removed under reduced pressure, keeping the temperature below 25°. The resulting brown residue is triturated with diethyl ether, and the solid is collected by suction filtration and washed with additional diethyl ether. The brown powder is then stirred in 100 mL of water for 10 minutes, isolated by filtration, washed well with water, and air dried to give 9.2 g of bromobis-[2,3-butanedione dioximato(l-)] (4-rm-butylpyridine)cobalt(III) (yield is typically 90%). Anal. Calcd. for C17H27BrNs04Co C, 40.49 H, 5.40 N, 13.89 Br, 15.85. Found C, 40.51 H, 5.55 N, 14.06 Br, 16.00. 

CHAPTER 10 THE PREPERATION OF AMINO NITRO BENZENES Into a clean reflux apparatus (equipped with motorized stirrer, and powder addition funnel), add 40 milliliters of 99% nitric acid, followed by carefully adding 21 milliliters of 98% sulfuric acid. Then heat this acid mixture to 90 Celsius while stirring. When the temperature of this acid mixture reaches 90 Celsius, slowly add in 22 grams of the diy solid obtained in step 1 in small pieces at a time, over a period of about 90 minutes, while constantly stirring the nitric acid/sulfuric acid solution and maintaining its temperature at 90 Celsius. After the addition of the solid product obtained in step 1, reduce the heat to 60 Celsius, and continue to reflux the entire reaction mixture for 1 hour with constant stirring. Afterwards, remove the heat source, and allow the reaction mixture to cool to room temperature. Then pour the entire reaction mixture into 500 milliliters of ice water, and then allow the entire mixture to stand for 12 hours. Thereafter, filter-off the precipitated solid product, wash with 500 milliliters of cold water, followed by 250 milliliters of a 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and then 250 milliliters of cold water. Then vacuum dry or air-diy the solid product. 

Successful examples of selective oxidation catalysis in industry include the conversions of ethylene to ethylene oxide and of methanol to formaldehyde, both on silver catalysts. Ethylene oxide, with an annual worldwide production capacity over 11 million tons, is an important intermediate for the production of glycols (antifreeze agents), ethoxylates (additives in washing powder), cosmetics, polyester fibers, and pharmaceuticals. The partial oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide is carried out on silver metal particles supported on o -Al203 or SiC and promoted by alkaline earth or alkali metals. Trace amounts of ethylene dichloride are also fed continuously into the reactor to suppress deep oxidation. Selectivities of about 75-85% are typical nowadays for this process. Formaldehyde, with a production capacity of... 

Under these conditions, it is possible to evaluate protein stability from denaturation experiments. This is not a subject of simply academic interest the increasing use of proteins in everyday use, for example as additives in washing powders, has made protein stability a matter of great practical importance, the more so since protein engineering has been used to improve stability properties. 

The development of bisphosphonates for clinical purposes began with the discovery that inorganic pyrophosphate is present in blood and urine and inhibits the precipitation of calcium and phosphate (1). Derivatives of pyrophosphate had been widely used for industrial purposes, because they inhibit the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Their principal use was as antiscaling additives in washing powders, water, and oil brines, to prevent deposition of calcium carbonate scale. It was then found that pyrophosphate binds strongly to calcium phosphate, prevents both the formation and dissolution of calcium phosphate crystals, and inhibits calcification in vitro. The bisphosphonates are used to treat bone diseases characterized by increased osteoclastic bone resorption (2). Long-term administration of low doses of oral bisphosphonates is considered to be valuable in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (3,4). 

The whitener which is added to the washing powder converts the UV light into visible light, so that the treated surface appears whiter. This additional light radiation, which is light blue in color, can be realised with the help of many organic molecules with delocalised Jt-systems (for an example see below). 

Whiteners involve similar ingredients to those so well accepted in washing powders to give a whiter than white appearance. Since this may relate to a degree of colourising, i.e. a very pale blue or violet, its presence can frequently be seen by viewing the inside of an apparently white opaque container. Whiteness may be achieved by the addition of a material such as ultramarine. 

In addition, in connection with a description of selected uses of chemicals, wood preservatives, flame-retardant chemicals, washing powders, and detergents, are highlighted as being most important. 

The unrecrystallized suifonium salt (35 g, 100 mmol) as a yellow powder was placed into a 200 ml round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar. 1,1-Diphenylcthylene (9.3 g, 9.1 ml, 52 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (25 ml) were added. The flask was equipped with a reflux condenser, and the mixture was stirred while it was treated under reflux for 12-14h (preferably under a nitrogen atmosphere in air the reaction gave slightly diminished yields). After the brown mixture was cooled somewhat, hexane (75 ml) was added, and the mixture was stirred in air as it cooled to 25°C. The mixture was filtered, and the retained solid was washed with additional hexane. The combined filtrates were concentrated by rotary evaporation, and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography to remove the small amount of ferrocene produced as a side reaction product (silica gel,... 

Environmental protection in the chemical industry is divided into product related and production related areas. Environmental protection related to products covers the development and production of environmentally friendly products (e.g., paints, herbi-cides/pesticides, washing powder) and treatment of product wastes from processing and consumption (Chap. 4). Environmental protection related to production covers the concept of the production-integrated environmental protection and additive environmental protection. Additiv environmental protection is the German term for end-of-pipe technology. This further subdivision can be examined in Figure 4 [18]. 

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