Additives brightening

Pre-exposure proeessing and preparation of the inner and outer whole-body dosimeters for use in the field should be eonsidered. The analytieal laboratory should determine if the fabric of the dosimeter of choice contains any analytical interference, which may be a problem in subsequent analysis of the fabric. If such analytical interferences are present in the fabric of the dosimeter, they may be reduced by pre-washing the dosimeter material prior to use in the field. The dosimeter is usually pre-washed (sometimes more than once) and rinsed several times prior to thorough drying. The washing detergent of choice should be as free as possible from additive brighteners and other chemicals, which may cause analytical interferences. 

Charge the water to a mixing vessel. Under slow agitation and with due care, add the acids to the water. Add the Avanel S-70 and mix 10 minutes. NOTE If additional brightening is required, the nitric acid concentration may be increased to 1.5%. Formulation CM-101... 

Uses Electroplating bath additive brightening agent for nickel plating Trade Name Synonyms PPS-OH [Raschig AG http //www.raschig.de], PPS-OH 40% w/v 4tSeal Sands Chems. Ltd... 

Bis(azol-2-5l)stilbenes (2(i]ll such as (4) have been prepared. 4,4 -Dihydrazinostilbene-2,2 -disulfonic acid, obtained from the diamino compound, on treatment with 2 moles of oximinoacetophenone and subsequent ring closure, leads to the formation of (4) [23743-28 ]. Such compounds are used chiefly as washing powder additives for the brightening of cotton fabrics, and exhibit excellent light- and hypochlorite-stabiUty. 

Papermaking additives can be categorized either as process additives or as functional additives. Process additives are materials that improve the operation of the paper machine, such as retention and drainage aids, biocides, dispersants, and defoamers they are primarily added at the wet end of the paper machine. Functional additives are materials that enhance or alter specific properties of the paper product, such as fillers (qv), sizing agents, dyes, optical brighteners, and wet- and dry-strength additives they may be added internally or to the surface of the sheet. 

In dyehouses where sulfide effluent is a problem, sulfur dyes of good chlorine fastness that dye satisfactorily from a dithionite—caustic alkaU bath offer an advantage. Included in this group are Cl Sulfur Black 11, Cl Sulfur Red 10 [1326-96-1] (Cl 53228), Cl Sulfur Brown 96 [1326-96-1] (Cl 53228), Cl Vat Blue 42, and Cl Vat Blue 43. The shades of these dyes can be brightened by the addition of vat dyes thus increasing the fastness of the resulting dye. 

Metallic additions to the melt, usually in the form of copper sulfate, brighten the shade of certain dyes, such as the Bordeaux range made from phenazones and the greens made from the indophenols the metal forms a complex with the dye. However, copper-containing dyes cannot be appHed to material that requires vulcanization. 

Cadmium is usually plated from a cyanide bath that consists of an aqueous solution of cadmium oxide (35 g/L) and sodium cyanide (75 g/L). An additive and a brightener are used to produce smooth, fine-grain deposits. Current density ranges from 1.4 to 3.7 A/dm, depending on the concentration of cadmium cations in the electrolyte. 

Copper anodes for use in acid copper plating solutions preferably contain a small amount of phosphoms [7723-14-0] usually 0.03—0.04 wt %, which retards chemical dissolution of the copper and thus the subsequent copper build-up. Typically, acid copper plating solutions increase in copper and require periodic dilution. Additionally, additives for brightening acid copper baths tend to last longer in plating tanks using phosphorized copper anodes. In cyanide copper solutions, phosphorized copper anodes should not be used. 

BTighteners are used to obtain bright deposits direcdy from the bath (117). The additives currentiy used fall into two classes, which have vatiously been labeled primary and secondary, first class and second class, and carrier and brightener. The last is more commonly used in plating plants. 

Modern solutions fall mainly into three types (a) the plain cyanide bath which contains typically 20-25 g/1 of copper cyanide, 25-30 g/1 total sodium cyanide (6.2 g/1 free sodium cyanide), and is operated at 21-38 C and 110-160 A/m (b) the Rochelle copper bath to which is added 35-50g/1 of Rochelle salt and which is used at 66 C at up to 645 A/m and (c) the high-efficiency cyanide baths which may contain up to 125 g/1 of copper cyanide, 6-11 g/1 of free sodium or potassium cyanide, 15-30 g/1 of sodium or potassium hydroxide, and are operated at up to 6-9A/dm and 65-90 C. Most bright cyanide copper baths are of the high-efficiency type and, in addition, contain one or more of the many patented brightening and levelling agents available. Periodic reverse (p.r.) current is also sometimes used to produce smoother deposits. 

Brightener an addition agent used specifically to produce an electrodeposit of high specular reflectivity. 

Fluorescence is much more widely used for analysis than phosphorescence. Yet, the use of fluorescent detectors is limited to the restricted set of additives with fluorescent properties. Fluorescence detection is highly recommended for food analysis (e.g. vitamins), bioscience applications, and environmental analysis. As to poly-mer/additive analysis fluorescence and phosphorescence analysis of UV absorbers, optical brighteners, phenolic and aromatic amine antioxidants are most recurrent [25] with an extensive listing for 29 UVAs and AOs in an organic solvent medium at r.t. and 77 K by Kirkbright et al. [149]. 

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