Results sections

Cyclooctatetraene provides a significant contrast to the preference of aromatic hydrocarbons for one-electron reduction. It is converted to a diamagnetic dianion by addition of two electrons. It is easy to understand the ease with which the cyclooctatetraene radical accepts a second electron because of the aromaticity of the 10-7t-electron aromatic system which results (Section 9.3). 

Also, when using cold processes on a downdraft table, the worker should avoid leaning over the working place or sitting too close to it, since this could disturb the flow into the exhaust and increase the spread of contaminants into the workspace. The same effects as when using fume cupboards could easily be the result (Section 10.2.3.3). 

In the following, a detailed exposition of Bartell s (1961a) theory of steric isotope effects will be given (Section II, A), and an alternative model will be developed, based on somewhat different assumptions about the timing in the transition state, which leads to predictions at variance with the experimental results (Section II, B). In both of these sub-sections, special reference will be made to the work of Melander and Carter (1964). Finally, a selective non-comprehensive review of other experimental work in this field will be presented (Section III). 

Y is a strongly pi electron donor group. As previously noted in the results section, examples of Y from Table VI include centers of high pi electron charge density at carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Also included in Table VI are examples of nucleophilic substitution transition states (cf. reactions 21 and 22) of the type... 

As noted in the results section, all of the F-nmr shift sets for p-fluorophenyl tagged systems are well behaved in both precision of fit and in... 

TSCATS is an online index to unpublished, nonconfidential studies covering chemical testing results and adverse effects of chemicals on health and ecological systems. The studies are submitted by US industry to EPA under several sections of the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). There are four types of documents in the database Section 4 chemical testing results, Section 8(d) health and safety studies, Section 8(e) substantial risk of injury to health or the environment notices, and voluntary documents submitted to EPA known as a For Your Information (FYI) notice. 

A Hammett plot for para-substituted benzaldehydes showed that electron-rich aldehydes gave higher ees (r = -0.4). As in Shibuya s related results (Section 5.3.3.1 above), this indicates that aldehyde coordination is important in enantiodifferentia-tion, but the lower rvalue (compared to Shibuya s r = -1.30) suggests a weaker electronic influence, probably due to the relative Lewis acidities of A1 and La. For ortho-substituted aldehydes, lower ees were observed, presumably due to steric effects. Although Al-Cl and Al-triflate complexes 29-30a-b did not catalyze the reaction, they... 

The structure of the review is organized as follows. In Section 6.2, we will address experimental aspects concerning apparatus developments and oxide nanolayer preparation methods, and briefly comment on the interplay between experimental and theoretical results. Section 6.3 constitutes the main body of this chapter, where we present case studies of selected oxide-metal systems. They have been chosen according to their prototypical oxide nanosystem behavior and because of their importance in catalysis. We conclude with a synopsis and a brief outlook speculating on future developments. 

AMI semi-empirical calculations of structures 23-25 have been carried out to provide a rationale for the obtained nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results (Section 12.10.3.3.1). According to the calculations, compound 25 is planar with E conformation having the =C(CN)2 group directed toward the H-2 <1997MI113>. 

Parts II, III and IV then make up the bulk of technical detail. They contain detailed breakdowns of all aspects of product manufacture and control (section II), preclinical data (section III) and clinical results (section IV). 

In this chapter we first discuss the fundamentals and the design aspects of an integrated optical YI sensor (Sect. 10.2), followed by a description of the experimental setup (Sect. 10.3). In the result section (Sect. 10.4) both protein and vims detection experiments are discussed. Section 10.5 demonstrates the use of microfluidic chips for efficient sample handling in combination with the YI sensor. This chapter concludes with a discussion on the prospects of the sensor for point-of-care diagnostics. 

Unless one is willing to become involved in many intricacies, a lattice model with united atoms (segments) features segments which are all of equal size. The price we have to pay for this is that there is no unique way to convert from lattice units to real space coordinates. We will discuss this point in the Result sections in more detail. 

By combining these expressions for defect chemical potentials and coefficients with the relations between the chemical potentials at equilibrium (for example Eqs. (74)) explicit expressions are obtained for the defect concentrations at equilibrium which are quite analogous to the quasi-chemical results (Section IV- A) apart from the presence of the activity coefficients. We consider examples of these equations in later sections. 

What remedial action do you take if you should get unsatisfactory results Section 4 Internal quality control... 

These days the most common method employed for the generation and detection of ultrasound utilises the piezoelectric properties of certain crystals one of which is quartz [3]. A simplified diagram of a crystal of quartz is reproduced (Fig. 7.3) which shows three axes defined as x, y and z. If a thin section of this crystal is cut such that the large surfaces are normal to the x-axis (x-cut quartz) then the resulting section will show the following two complementary piezoelectric properties ... 

The correction we propose is based on the experimental section name and on the following text fragment (p.648, results section [30]) . by introducing an additional... 

The Introduction section of a journal article Identlhes the research area, explains the Importance of the research, provides background Information, cites and summarizes key literature in the held, points out what still needs to be studied, and Introduces the reader to the work presented In the article. The Methods section—formally known as Materials and Methods or Experimental (Section)— describes how the study was conducted. The Results section summarizes quantitative (and possibly qualitative) data collected during the study. In the Discussion section, authors interpret their data and suggest the larger implications and/or applications of their results. Each of these major sections can be further divided into moves, as we will see in subsequent chapters. 

In most synthesis papers, analytical data confirming product purity or composition are reported in the Methods section, not the Results section. 

What details did you notice in excerpts 3K and 3L Did you notice that both excerpts included the mass and moles of solid reagents, reaction times and temperatures, descriptions of the products (a solid, a white powder), and product yields Both excerpts also included results from tests used to verify product purity and composition. The first included mp, IR, NMR, and mass spectral information the second included only mp information. Perhaps you were surprised to see such results in the Methods sections. Synthetic chemists include such analytical information as part of the procedure, in the Methods section, rather than as a result, in the Results section. The formatting shown in excerpt 3K is typical for the presentation of such data. 

We end our analysis of describing procedures (in submove 2) by examining ways in which authors describe QA/QC procedures in their Methods sections. In general, there are two basic approaches. The first approach embeds the QA/QC procedures in the procedure itself. For example, in excerpt 3P, the authors describe how they added a deuterated surrogate (recovery) standard to their samples at the start of their procedure and how they added a deuterated internal standard at the end of their procedure. The authors go on to describe the results of these procedures in their Results section. 

In excerpts 3Q and 3R, the authors describe their QA/QC procedures in separate subsections, complete with their own subheadings (Method Performance and Quality Assurance/Quality Control). Results of the QA/QC procedures (e.g., relative standard deviation across replicate samples, recoveries, and accuracy) are commonly described in the Methods section, rather than in the Results section. 

All sections of a journal article lead up to or away from the results section, and the results section may retain its value long after the methods and conclusions have become obsolete. 

As you work through the chapter, you will write a Results section for your own paper. The Writing on Your Own tasks throughout the chapter will guide you step by step as you do the following ... 

In many journal articles, the Results section is actually a combined Results and Discussion (R D) section. Combined R D sections are preferred by many scientists who want to present and discuss results in an unbroken chain of thought. The combination is often more concise because less time is spent reminding the reader which results are being discussed. Combined R D sections are not all alike rather, they fall on a continuum with fully separated R D sections at one end and fully integrated R D sections at the other. Within this continuum, three patterns emerge blocked R D, iterative R D, and integrated R D. 

In the blocked R D pattern, a single block of results is followed by a single block of discussion. For example, for a set of three results, the pattern would be [results 1, results 2, results 3] [discussion 1, discussion 2, discussion 3[. In essence, the blocked R D pattern is identical to that of fully separate sections but merged under a single Results and Discussion heading. In such papers, it is usually quite easy to determine where the Results section ends and the Discussion section begins. 

Despite the frequency with which combined R D sections now appear in the chemical literature, we have chosen to address the sections separately in this textbook. The different purposes of Results and Discussion sections are important to understand and distinguish, even if you ultimately choose to write a combined R D section. In this chapter, we focus on the Results section. The Discussion section and the integrated R D approach are examined in chapter 5. 

We formally begin this chapter by asking you to read and analyze a Results section on your own. Excerpt 4A is a continuation of excerpt 3A (in chapter 3), regarding the analysis of aldehydes in aged beer. The excerpt includes most of the original text, but, to conserve space, only one figure (Figure 3) and one table (Table 2) are included. Note that the excerpt is a combined R D section. 

The central purpose of the Results section is to describe your research findings to other scientists (an expert audience) in a clear and concise manner. As you will see in chapter 5, the central purpose of the Discussion section is to interpret those findings. The distinction between description and interpretation is not always clear-cut. The following rule of thumb helps to distinguish between the two ... 

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