Brain stimulant

Kleber HD, Weissman MM, Rounsaville BJ, et al Imipramine as treatment for depression in addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40 649-633, 1983 Kleber HD, Riordan CE, Rounsaville BJ, et al Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 391-394, 1983 Kleber HD, Topazian M, Gaspari J, et al Clonidine and naltrexone in the outpatient treatment of heroin withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 13 1-17, 1987 Kornetsky C. Brain stimulation reward, morphine-induced stereotypy, and sensitization implications for abuse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 777-786, 2004 Kosten TR, Kleber HD Buprenorphine detoxification from opioid dependence a pilot study. Life Sci 42 633-641, 1988... 

Yanagita T, Takahashi S, Ishida K, et al Voluntary inhalation of volatile anesthetics and organic solvents by monkeys. Jpn J Clin Pharmacol 1 13—16, 1970 Yavich L, Zvartau E A comparison of the effects of individual organic solvents and their mixture on brain stimulation reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48 661— 664, 1994... 

D Mello, G.D. Comparison of some behavioral effects of and electrical brain stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 75 184-192, 1981. 

Brain Stimulation-Induced Aggression in Rats None 2.0 IP 2.0 IP... 

Opioid receptor antagonists have been found to modulate brain dopamine-mediated behavioral and cellular functions such as motor activity, drug selfadministration, and brain stimulation reward (Koob and Bloom 1988). 

Arnold, L.E. Kirilcuk, V. Corson, S.A. and Corson, E.O. Levoampheta-mine and dextroamphetamine Differential effect on aggression and hyperkinesis in children and dogs. Am J Psychiatry 130 165-170, 1973. Bain, G.T., and Kometsky, C. Naloxone attenuation of the effect of cocaine on rewarding brain stimulation. Life Sci 40 1119-1125, 1987. 

Hubner, C.B. Bird, M. Rassnick, S. and Kometsky, C. The threshold lowering effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on brain-stimulation reward. Psychopharmacology 95 49-51, 1988. 

Ranaldi R., Beninger R. The effects of systemic and intracerebral injections of D, and D2 agonists on brain stimulation reward. Brain Res. 651 283, 1994. 

DBS deep brain stimulation GEF guanine nucleotide exchange factor... 

In moths, it was discovered in Helicoverpa zea that a peptide produced in the subesophageal ganglion portion of the brain complex regulates pheromone production in female moths (19). This factor has been purified and characterized in three species, Helicoverpa zea (20), Bombyx mori (21, 22), and Lymantria dispar (23). They are all a 33- or 34-amino acid peptide (named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, PBAN) and have in common an amidated C-terminal 5-amino acid sequence (FXPRL-amide), which is the minimum peptide fragment required for pheromon-tropic activity. In the redbanded leafroller moth, it was shown that PBAN from the brain stimulates the release of a different peptide from the bursae copulatrix that is used to stimulate pheromone production in the pheromone gland found at the posterior tip of the abdomen (24). 

Yeomans JS, Mathur A, Tampakeras M. (1993). Rewarding brain stimulation role of tegmental cholinergic neurons that activate dopamine neurons. Behav Neurosci. 107(6) 1077-87. 

Yates SL, Bencherif M, Fluhler EN, LippieUo PM (1995) Up-regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors following chronic exposure of rats to mainstream cigarette smoke or alpha 4 beta 2 receptors to nicotine, Biochem Pharmacol 50 2001-2008 Yeomans J, Baptista M (1997) Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in ventral tegmental area contribute to brain-stimulation, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57 915-921 Yoshida M, Yokoo H, Tanaka T, Mizoguchi K, Emoto H, Ishii H, Tanaka M (1993) Facilitatory modulation of mesolimbic dopamine neuronal-activity by a mu-opioid agonist and nicotine as examined with in-vivo microdialysis. Brain Res 624 277-280... 

Husted DS, Shapira NA. A review of the treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder from medicine to deep brain stimulation. CNS Spectr 2004 9 833-847. 

Lang AE, Widner H. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson s disease patient selection and evaluation. Mov Disord 2002 17 Suppl. 3 S94-101. 

Unpredictability also is a central feature in the concept of learned helplessness. This concept, using uncontrollable shock, was introduced by Overmier and Seligman (1967) and is based on the observation that animals exposed to an invariable stressor such as electric foot shock, which, due to the experimental set-up, is uncontrollable in nature, developed behavioral deficits. As first shown by Weiss (1968), rats exposed to uncontrollable shock showed significant weight loss due to decreased food and water intake. Moreover, these animals spent more time immobile in the forced swim test, and they revealed altered sleep patterns as well as a weakened response to previously rewarding brain stimulation, i.e., anhedonia (Henn et al. 1985 Weiss 1991). Importantly, these changes are not seen in animals that receive the same shocks but can exert control over their duration. 

Physiological sites proposed for nitric oxide action include the immune system, where nitric oxide acts as a cytostatic agent, is tumoricidal, and can inhibit viral replication. In the cardiovascular system, nitric oxide is the biological mediator of vasodilator responses to agents such as acetylcholine and bradykinin, which act as receptors on endothelial cells to activate NOS and stimulate nitric oxide production. Diffusible nitric oxide then activates guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to the production of cyclic guano-sine monophosphate (GMP) and vasodilation. In the brain, stimulation of A-methyl-o-aspartate receptors on... 

Siegel, A., Reeling, T.A.P., Gtegg, T.R., and Kruk, M.R. (1999) Neuropharmacology of brain-stimulation-evoked aggtession. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23 359—389. 

We propose that the therapeutic efficacy of ECT may be related to activation of specific brain areas and the whole brain need not convulse for an antidepressant effect. It is possible that neural discharge in specific brain regions [Bolwig 1984], and not the convulsion, is the key factor for ECT s antide-pressive effects. External electrical stimulation as used for ECT may depolarize deep brain regions only by induction of convulsion. Local electrical brain stimulation in humans is not possible, of course ECT initiates massive discharge in the central nervous system [Lerer et al. 1984], and activation of no specific brain area has been proven to be the cause for ECT s therapeutic action. Local electrical stimulation of various brain regions for examination of antidepressive effect in animal models of depression would be a tedious and complicated task. 

Cantello R, Gianell M, Civardi C, et al Magnetic brain stimulation the silent period after the motor evoked potential. Neurology 42 1951-1959, 1992 Canton T, Doble A Evidence for different binding domains on the GABAa benzodiazepine receptor for benzodiazepines and cyclopyrrolones. Clin Neuro-pharmacol 15 [suppl 1 pt B) 125, 1992... 

---