Subesophageal ganglion

PBAN Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide PGN PBAN-encoding gene neuropeptides SEG Subesophageal ganglion yne Triple bond... 

In moths, it was discovered in Helicoverpa zea that a peptide produced in the subesophageal ganglion portion of the brain complex regulates pheromone production in female moths (19). This factor has been purified and characterized in three species, Helicoverpa zea (20), Bombyx mori (21, 22), and Lymantria dispar (23). They are all a 33- or 34-amino acid peptide (named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, PBAN) and have in common an amidated C-terminal 5-amino acid sequence (FXPRL-amide), which is the minimum peptide fragment required for pheromon-tropic activity. In the redbanded leafroller moth, it was shown that PBAN from the brain stimulates the release of a different peptide from the bursae copulatrix that is used to stimulate pheromone production in the pheromone gland found at the posterior tip of the abdomen (24). 

Masler E. P, Raina A. K., Wagner R. M. and Kochansky J. P. (1994) Isolation and identification of a pheromonotropic neuropeptide from the brain-subesophageal ganglion complex of Lymantria dispar a new member of the PBAN family. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24, 829-836. 

Blackburn M. B., Kingan T. G., Raina A. K. and Ma M. C. (1992) Colocalization and differential expression of PBAN- and FMRF-like immunoreactivity in the subesophageal ganglion of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) during development. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 21, 225-238. 

Davis N. T., Homberg U., Teal P. E. A., Altstein M., Agricola H.-J. and Hildebrand J. G. (1996) Neuroanatomy and immunocytochemistry of the median neuroendocrine cells of the subesophageal ganglion of the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta immunoreactivities to PBAN and other neuropeptides. Microscopy Res. Techniq. 35, 201-229. 

Sato Y., Ikeda M., Yamashita O. (1994) Neurosecretory cells expressing the gene for common precursor for diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in the subesophageal ganglion of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen. Comp. Endocrin. 96, 27-36. 

TM, seven transmembrane domain DOR, Drosophila odorant receptor EAG, electroantennogram GFP, green fluorescent protein GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor GR, gustatory receptor nsyb, neuronal synaptobrevin OR, odorant receptor OSN, olfactory sensory neuron PCR, polymerase chain reaction PN, projection neuron RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction SOG, subesophageal ganglion. 

In contrast to the orthopterans, PDH-IR cells are distributed widely in the optic lobes, brain, and subesophageal ganglion of Manduca sexta (59). This differential distribution may reflect a diversity of functions which remains to be explored. 

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the main features of the locust brain and retrocerebral complex. MNC = median neurosecretory cells LNC - lateral neurosecretory cells TCC-I -axonal intercerebral tracts from the MNC leading to the NCC-I, a ventral pair of nerves which innervate the CC. TCC-II - the axonal intercerebral tracts from the LNC leading to the NCC-II, a dorsal pair of nerves which innervate the CC. G-CC - the glandular lobe of the CC S-CC - the secretory neurohemal lobe of the CC. NCA-I are a pair of nerves which lead to the CA. The NCA-II lead to the subesophageal ganglion.

Sex pheromone biosynthesis in many moth species is controlled by a cerebral neuropeptide, so-called PBAN. PBAN is a 33 amino acid C-terminally amidated neuropeptide that is produced by neuroendocrine cells of the subesophageal ganglion (SEG), Studies of the regulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths have revealed that this function can be elicited by additional neuropeptides, all of which share the common C-terminal pentapeptide [99-103]. All of these peptides were found to contain the signature C-terminal sequence and have been designated the PK/PBAN family. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional family of peptides that plays a major role in the physiology of insects. In addition to their ability to stimulate sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths, they... 

Figure 5. Effect of injection of 1 female equivalent (FE) of brain-subesophageal ganglion homogenate containing PBAN along with various amounts of bursa homogenate (FE) on the amount of Z11-16 AL present in gland extracts of virgin 3-day-old females of H. zea. Extracts were obtained 1 h after injection of 30 1 of test substances and analyzed for the titer of Z11-16 AL by capillary gas chromatography as in Figure 1 (n-5 each treatment).

Hez-PB AN was isolated from 5000 brain-subesophageal-ganglion complexes (745) and has 79% homology with PBAN-I from B. mori 154). The sequence of Bom-PB AN-I is identical to that of Bom-PB AN-II with the addition of... 

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