Corn borer, European

The insect s choice of food may be governed to a considerable extent, as ours is, by attractants and repellents. In many instances, the actual insecticidal action of plant extractives may be due primarily to an artificially high level of application, while, in fact, the parent plants are only repellent in the field. This repellency may appear to be resistance on the part of the plant, and the chemistry of such resistance factors has begun to receive much-needed attention. For example, Smissman and his coworkers have examined the chemical basis for the inherited resistance of some strains of corn to attack by the European corn borer. 6-Methoxybenzoxazolinone (X) was isolated (2, SO) and shown to be one of the principal resistance factors, and a number of synthetic analogs were found to... 

Resistance to European corn borer, tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate... 

Munkvold, G.P., Hellmich, R.L. and Showers, W.B., Reduced Fusarium ear rot and symptomless infection in kernels of maize genetically engineered for European corn borer resistance. Phytopathology, 87, 1071, 1997. 

Because of their similar life cycles, habits, damage to corn, and apparent resistance to conventional corn rootworm insecticides, we could expect both the PSB and HBV to increase their densities and/or range throughout the Midwest much as the PSB has (9,12). These concerns are evident in the 1985 establishment of a multistate regional research effort entitled "Impact of integrated crop management practices on European corn borer and related stalk boring insects". 

Fig. 1.1. Limonoids isolated from the seeds of Swietenia humilis and their effect on adult emergence of European corn borer following dietary administration at 50 ppm. CON, control T, tenulin (toosendanin Fig. 1.2) n = 30.

Fig. 1.3. Effect of semi-synthetic derivatives of gedunin on European corn borer growth and proposed mechanism of action. Significant effects.

Fig. 1.5. Six of the more than 12 spirocaracolitones isolated from the neotropical tree Ruptiliocarpon caracolito. The effect of spirocaracolitones A-J on European corn borer larval mortality is illustrated when added to diets at 50 ppm.

Fig. 1.8. The interaction between leaf volatiles (V) and -tcrthicnyl (ALPHA-T) of Porophylum ruderale. (a) Synergistic effects on European corn borer growth.

Fig. 1.9. Effects of sesquiterpene lactones on European corn borer, (a) Glutathione levels (b) lipid peroxidation synergistic effects of-terthienyl (c) with sesquiterpene lactones from the Asteraceae on larval mortality. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different in Tukey s test (P < 0.05).

Ewete, F. K., Arnason, J. T., Larson, J. and Philogene, B. J. R. (1996a). Biological activity of extracts from traditionally used Nigerian plants against the European corn borer. Entomologia Experimentalis etApplicata 80 531-537. 

Ewete, F. K., Nicol, R. W., Hengsawad, V. et al. (1996b). Inseciticdal activity of Aglaia odorata extract and its insecticidal principle rocaglamide to the European corn borer. Journal of Applied Entomology 120 483 488. 

Binder, B. F. and Robbins, J. C. (1996). Age- and density-related oviposition behavior of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera Pyralidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 9 755-769. 

Udayagiri, S. and Jones, R. L. (1992a). Flight behavior of Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a specialist parasitoid of European corn borer (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) factors influencing response to corn volatiles. 

The existence of two pheromone races of the European corn borer, O. nubilalis, has been considered in the context of the genetic architecture regulating pheromone production and response. These two strains were transported from Europe to new areas (such as North America) by human activity and much of the current sympatry of the two strains in eastern North America and some regions of Europe may have been fostered by both strains shifting to maize as a larval food source. It is uncertain how these strains diverged, but this may have occurred allopatrically as it appears that hybridization in the field in areas of current sympatry is infrequent (Klun and Huettel, 1988 Bengtsson and Lofstedt, 1990). 

Klun, J. A. and Maini, S. (1979). Genetic basis of an insect chemical communication system the European corn borer. Environmental Entomology 8 423 126. 

Lofstedt, C., Hansson, B. S., Roelofs, W. L. and Bengtsson, B. O. (1989b). No linkage between genes controlling female pheromone production and male pheromone response in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hiibner (Lepidoptera Pyralidae). Genetics 123 553-556. 

Roelofs, W. L., Glover, T, Tang, X. H. et al. (1987). Sex pheromone production and perception in European corn borer moths is determined by both autosomal and sex-linked genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 84 7585-7589. 

Bergvinson, D.h, Arnason, J.T., Hamilton, R.I., Mihm, J.A., Jewell, D.C. 1994. Determining leaf toughness and its role in maize resistance to the European corn-borer (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87 1743-1748. 

Phelan, P.L. 1997. Soil-management history and the role of plant mineral balance as a determinant of maize susceptibility to the European corn borer. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 15 25-34. 

Insects make unsaturated as well as saturated hydrocarbons. The former as well as long-chain alcohols and their esters often form the volatile pheromones with which insects communicate. Thus, the female pink bollworm attracts a male with a sex pheromone consisting of a mixture of the cis,cis and cis,trans isomers of 7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate,13 and European corn borer males are attracted across the cornfields of Iowa by czs-ll-tetradecenyl acetate.14 Addition of a little of the trans isomer makes the latter sex attractant much more powerful. Since more than one species uses the same attractant, it is possible that the males can distinguish between different ratios of isomers or of mixtures of closely related substances. 

There is hope that insect sex lures can be used to disrupt the mating pattern of insects and thereby control insect population. This approach to pest control has important advantages over conventional insecticides in that the chemical lures are specific for a particular species also they are effective in remarkably low concentrations and are relatively nontoxic. There are problems, however, not the least of which is the isolation and identification of the sex attractant that is produced by the insects only in minute quantities. Also, synergistic effects are known to operate in several insect species such that not one but several pheromones act in concert to attract the opposite sex. Two notable pests, the European corn borer and the red-banded leaf roller, both use cis-11-tetradecenyl ethanoate, 32, as the primary sex attractant, but the pure cis isomer is ineffective unless a small amount of trans isomer also is present. The optimum amount appears to be between 4% and 7% of the trans isomer. 

Ma P. W. K. and Roelofs W. L. (1995b) Sites of synthesis and release of PB AN-like factor in female European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. J. Insect Physiol. 41, 339-350. 

Klun J. A., Khrimian A. P. and Oliver J. E. (1998) Evidence of pheromone catabolism via B-oxidation in the European corn borer (Lepidoptera Crambidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 33, 400 106. 

European corn borer S (11Zor E) tetradec-11-en-1-yl F Ostrinia nubilalis acetate... 

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