Bone flour

The application of phosphate to soils in the form of bones is a very old practice,but the first reliable accounts of their use date from the middle of the 17th Century. They were applied whole or broken but later grinding was observed to improve their fertilizer value and eventually steamed bone flour was used. In tho-J th Century the demand for bones increased to the point where Liebig accused the British of ransacking the battlefields of Europe, to satisfy the demands of her farmers but it led eventually to the development of the vast mineral deposits of phosphate... 

J. T. Meckstroth 22 showed that the largest use for phosphoric acid is in sugar defecation. It is also used in the manufacture of jellies, preserves, and soft drinks in pharmaceutical preparations and in the rust-proofing of iron. The chief phosphates in industry are the calcium hydrophosphates used in making baking-powder, and self-rising flour sodium phosphates used in making boiler compounds, in laundry work, etc. The superphosphates are used in fertilizers. Calcium orthophosphate is the form of bone ash extensively used in the manufacture of bone china. 

The novel canned food product comprises beef, liver, pork, dried milk, melange, buckwheat flour or com flour, vegetable oil, soya isolate, Jerusalem artichoke, laminaria, Caroline, curative and prophylactic salt, bone powder, spice extracts, fohc acid, ascorbic acid, and water, in predetermined ratios. 

A 6-month-old infant has been fed unmodified cow s milk supplemented with com flour. He was healthy except that he was severely anemic, and an X-ray of his wrist showed retarded bone development. His hemoglobin was only 4.5 g/dL, and he had an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. He was treated with iron supplements, folate, and ascorbic acid to no avail. Then serum copper analysis was done, and it showed a level of 9 fig/dL (normal is 85-163 /ig/dL). Thereupon his diet was supplemented with copper sulfate, and he showed dramatic improvement. Address the following questions ... 

L. Gorski, J. Heinonen and O. Suschny, Final Report on the Intercomparison of Trace Multielement Analysis in Dried Animal Whole Blood (A-2), Calcinated Animal Bone (A-3/1), Powdered Milk (A-8), Wheat Flour (V-2/1), and Dried Potatoes (V-4), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, No. IAEA/RL/25, 1974. 

As pointed out earlier in this review, increasing the level of dietary calcium decreases the zinc bioavailability from phytate-containing foods. Presumably the mechanism is through the formation of chemical complexes containing zinc, phytate and calcium which are insoluble at intestinal pH and nonabsorbable (24). Recently, our laboratories used slope ratio techniques to compare the bioavailability of zinc contained in calcium sulfate-and in magnesium chloride-precipitated soybean curd (Tofu) to that of zinc added as the carbonate to egg white diets by slope ratio techniques (25). Total dietary calcium level in all diets was adjusted to 0.7% with calcium carbonate. The results (not shown) indicated that the relative availability of zinc from both tofu preparations was 51% as measured by weight gain and 36-39% for bone zinc. These results are similar to those reported for full fat soy flour (16) in Table I. 

Experiment 107. — (a) Carbon, (i) Recall or repeat the experiments which showed that carbon is a constituent of wood, cotton, bone, starch, sugar, illuminating gas, candle wax, meat, flour, bread, albumen. (2) Heat 2 or 3 cc. of turpentine in a porcelain or iron dish, and then set fire to it. Does it contain carbon Hold a bottle over the flame long enough to collect any product, and then test the contents for carbon dioxide does the observation verify the previous conclusion (3) Repeat with alcohol. Does it contain carbon Burn a small lump of camphor in a dish or on a block of wood. Does it contain carbon (4) Hold a bottle over a burning kerosene lamp long enough to collect any product, and test as in (2). Does kerosene contain carbon ... 

Filter Aids.—Among these are calcium sulphate and carbonate, sawdust, flour, pulverized bone black, infusorial earth, etc. Where the amount of solids in the filtrate is small or where the solids arc of such nature that they readily pass through ordinary filter media resort may be had to a filter aid to coat the medium and to prevent the filtrate from issuing from the press as a cloudy fluid. Filter aids are also used to increase the brilliancy of the filtrate and to assist in filtering solids which are adsorbed more or less readily by them. In such cases the aid after having adsorbed the solids or colloids is run with its liquor into the press with the same slight degree of trouble that is had with easily filterable materials. 

Soils, sludges, sediments, plants, mussels, serum, urine, hair, plankton, cod, krill, rain water, fresh water, ground water, sea water, ashes, fish oil, waste, cow milk Hair, soils, sediments, sea plants, cockle, milk, whey, water, fish, lichens, clover, cabbage, grass, bone, blood, marble, cellulose, Greenland ice sheet precipitation water, air, water, lake sediment, standard light Antarctic precipitation, rye flour, cotton cellulose, hay powder, Vienna mean ocean water... 

Various protein ingredients are utilized to satisfy nutritional requirements for protein quantity and quality in pet foods. Typical sources of protein ingredients are soybean oil meal, soybean flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, meat meal, meat and bone meal, meat by-products, fish meal, blood meal, dried blood plasma, yeast, and milk protein (Balaz et al., 1977). In addition, vitamins, minerals, colorants, and other supplements such as choline chloride MgO vitamins A, Bj2,... 

Certified reference materials (CRMs) with certified values for Al available at the time of preparation of this review from the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Community Joint Research Centre were ground water, an aquatic plant, olive leaves, beech leaves, pine needles, lichen and titanium (http // www.irmm.jrc.be). Non-Al-certified materials available were coals, river sediment, seawater, zinc and zinc alloys and titanium alloy. CRMs with certified values for Al were available from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (http // www.nist.gov/) for days, coal, coal fly-ash, glasses, limestone, lubricating oil, a met-allo-organic Al, oyster tissue, pine needles, plant leaves, rice and wheat flours and zinc-Al alloys. Bone meal, bovine liver and muscle powder, a milk powder, and urine with non-certified Al values were available. 

Strontium is an element naturally occurring in food and beverages. Components that contribute to a major portion of the diet (meat, poultry, vegetables, and fruit) contain the lowest amounts of strontium (0.3-5.1 ppm). Cereals, grains, and seafood contain up to 25 ppm. Amounts over 100 ppm were found in Brazil nuts, cinnamon, and some kinds of fish flour made of whole fish including bones (9,101. 

Com flour Coffee seeds Brown coal Bone meal... 

Elderly people, particularly women, tend to develop the condition of osteoporosis in which complete loss of bone tissue occurs in small areas within the bones which become porous and brittle. There is no clear-cut evidence of a relationship between the calcium intake and the rate of bone loss in humans. Nevertheless, it would be unwise to let the calcium intake fall below the recommended level. The practice of adding calcium salts to flour to minimize the likelihood of calcium deficiency would seem to be a sound one, particularly in view of the negative association between the hardness of water and mortality from cardiovascular disease. 

Boron is found in humans and animals. The concentrations in the organs and tissues vary. In human beings, the highest concentrations are found in the heart (28mg/kg), followed by the ribs (lOmg/kg), spleen (2.6mg/kg) and liver (2.3 mg/kg). Muscle tissue contains only 0.1 mg/kg. Boron seems to be an essential nutrient, which promotes bone formation by interaction with calcium, magnesium and vitamin D. In addition, there are indications that boron is involved in the hydroxylation of steroids, e. g., in the s)mthesis of 17P-estradiol and testosterone. The daily requirement is estimated to be 1-2 mg. Apples (40), soy flour (28), grapes (27), tomatoes (27), celery (25) und broccoli (22) are rich in boron (mg/kg solids). Important sources also include wine (8) and water. 

Ingredients such as blackstrap molasses, bone meal, brewers yeast, carob powder, dolomite, lecithin granules, and liver powder have unusual tastes and textures. Therefore, it is unwise to use more than 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of each of them per cup of flour. 

---