Beech leaves

Even if actual evaporation rates for the sites in this study are difficult to predict because of the dependence on the specific microclimatic conditions, we can infer general trends for the altitudinal transects in New Zealand and California. Both are located in temperate areas and have relatively dry temperature lapse rates (6 °C), and in California, cloudiness increases with altitude. Comparing these conditions to the modeled environments discussed above would suggest that evaporation is likely to decrease with altitude, or at least not increase significantly. The larger leaf size of the oak leaves may increase their evaporation rates relative to the smaller mountain beech leaves, but this remains speculative as no irradiation data available were available for either site. 

Moller, J., M. Miller, and A. Kjoller. 1999. Fungal-bacterial interaction on beech leaves Influence on decomposition and dissolved organic matter quality. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31 367-374. 

Shoots of nettle, white poplar and beech were placed in the tunnel which was operated at a wind speed of 2.5 m s 1. Beech leaves are smooth, whereas those of white poplar and nettle have hairs. The velocities of deposition to the leaves of the three species are shown in Table 6.1. As expected from the lower diffusivity of the larger particles, vg was less for the 0.2- m than for the 0.03-,am particles. Deposition to... 

Osono T. and Takeda H. (1999) Decomposing ability of interior and surface fungal colonizers of beech leaves with reference to lignin decomposition. Euro. J. Soil Biol. 35(2), 51-56. 

Rihani M., Kiffer E., and Botton B. (1995b) Decomposition of beech leaf litter microflora and mesofauna 1. In vitro action of white-rot fungi on beech leaves and foliar components. Euro. J. Soil Biol. 31(2), 57-66. 

TRACE ELEMENTS IN BEECH LEAVES AND SPRUCE NEEDLES 6.6.1. Introduction... 

Some years ago the first reports appeared on forest die-back in heavily polluted areas. The impact of this information drew the attention on the situation of local forests, which encouraged research on acid deposition in many countries. The quantitative evaluation of damage and the monitoring of forest quality are difficult. Most theories have been based on visual inspections however, trends, actual damage and local effects can only be estimated on the basis of scientific measurements, enabling to make correlations between damage and measured pollutant concentrations. A prerequisite for this evaluation is the availability of representative CRMs. The BCR has hence developed for this purpose two reference materials, namely beech leaves and spruce needles, which have been certified for nutrients (e.g. Ca, Mg, K, P and N) and indicator elements (e.g. S, Cl, A1 and Mn) [17-19],... 

SUMMARY OF TECHNIQUES OF FINAL DETERMINATION USED IN THE CERTIFICATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN BEECH LEAVES CRM 100 AND SPRUCE NEEDLES CRM 101... 

Certified reference materials (CRMs) with certified values for Al available at the time of preparation of this review from the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Community Joint Research Centre were ground water, an aquatic plant, olive leaves, beech leaves, pine needles, lichen and titanium (http // www.irmm.jrc.be). Non-Al-certified materials available were coals, river sediment, seawater, zinc and zinc alloys and titanium alloy. CRMs with certified values for Al were available from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (http // www.nist.gov/) for days, coal, coal fly-ash, glasses, limestone, lubricating oil, a met-allo-organic Al, oyster tissue, pine needles, plant leaves, rice and wheat flours and zinc-Al alloys. Bone meal, bovine liver and muscle powder, a milk powder, and urine with non-certified Al values were available. 

American beech leaves Crosse He, Michigan 17 -28.3 Meyers Lallier-Verges (1999)... 

The tree specimens (spruce shoots, beech leaves) collected and stored since 1985 from the regions of the environmental specimen bank also provide convincing documentation of the decrease in lead pollution (see Fig. 6). The same is also true for the human field, as con-... 

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