Bismuth line

Bismuth ligands, 2,989-1061 bonding, 2,1030-1041 7i bonding, 2, 1033-1039 trigonal bipyramidal complexes, 2,1036 Bismuth line, 3,294 Bismuthotungstates, 3, 1042 Bismuth pentafluoride, 3, 292 Bismuth tribromide, 3, 291 Bismuth trichloride, 3, 290 Bismuth trifiuoride, 3, 290 Bismuth triiodide, 3,292 Bismuth trioxide, 3,284 2,2 -Bisphenol metal complexes color photography, 6,109 Bis(trimethylene)triamine metal complexes, 2, 49 4,4 -Bi-l, 2,4-triazolyl metal complexes, 2, 89 polymers... 

There have been no fatalities in industry attributed to bismuth and it is regarded as relatively non-toxic for a heavy metal.246 The toxic problems which have been recorded have in the main been iatrogenic illnesses. A characteristic blue-black line on the gums, the bismuth line , which may persist for years, is a feature of bismuth overdosage. Soluble salts are excreted via urine and may cause mild kidney damage. Less soluble salts may be excreted in the faeces, which may be black in colour due to the presence of bismuth sulfide. Table 31 contains some toxicity data. 

Bismuth was found systematically to dissolve in the reaction medium during the catalytic tests. In contrast with bismuth, palladium dissolution was never detected under the present experimental conditions. As indicated in line 7 of table 3, bismuth dissolution increases with the Bi/Pd molar ratio and, when the gluconic acid yields are normalized with respect to the amount of dissolved bismuth (line 13), the highest value is observed for the 5Pd2Bi/Co catalyst. 

Bismuth line, 294 Bismuthotungstates, 1042 Bismuth pentafluoride, 292 Bismuth tribromide, 291 Bismuth trichloride, 290 Bismuth trifluoride, 290 Bismuth triiodide, 292 Bismuth trioxide, 284 Bond dissociation Si=Cr, 184 Bond energies Group IVB elements, 185 Bonds... 

Fig. 2.3. Absorbance as a function of optical density for selected shock tube investigations employing OH electronic absorption spectrometry. The unmarked curve represents the semi-empirical relationship derived in Reference 37, evaluated at a pressure (5 1 atm) and temperature (1520 K) typical of recombination experiments in an argon diluent. Tlie curves labelled 6 1, 3 1 and 1 3 were empirically determined over a selected range of recombination pressures and temperatures for mixtures dilute in argon with those particular initial H2/O2 ratios (Reference 32). The curve identified by HJ (Reference 24) was empirically determined in a 1 % Hg-l % 02-98 % Ar mixture at 1300 K for a selected range of pressures. The cross-hatched area represents the approximate range of absorbances and optical densities observed with an atomic bismuth line source (Reference 41). Also shown are the line HH derived from photographic spectroscopy using instrumental definition of absorption line centres on a continuum (Reference 48), and a solid circle (beyond the range of the abscissa) denoting the photoelectric absorbance reported in Reference 47 for a continuum source at an optical density of 750 x 10" moles liter cm.

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 3334 mg/kg corrosive causes burns irritating to eyes, skin, respiratory system harmful by inh., ing., skin contact extremely destructive to tissue of mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, eyes, skin inh. may cause spasm/inflamm. of larynx/bronchi, chem. pneumonitis, pulmonary edema chronic exposure may cause bismuth line (gray blue deposition in the gum area) may cause excess salivation, foul breath TSCA listed... 

Of great importance in the optical rotation experiments is the laser source. The laser must be tunable, and should be highly monochromatic, stable in intensity, and emit a beam of good optical quality. Tunable dye lasers satisfying all these criteria operated well at the 648-nm bismuth line in 1974 when work began in several places. The groups at Oxford and Novosibirsk and later at Moscow have all used such lasers to measure the effect on this line. 

Another relatively strong copper line at 223.008 nm in the vicinity of the bismuth line at 223.061 nm, which is shown in Figure 8.5, had no influence on the determination of that analyte, as it was well separated from the latter line. The molecular structures, however, that appeared on both sides of the copper line, had to be corrected for. In the case of cadmium, Huang et al. [67] succeeded in eliminating the molecular structures by almost doubling the oxidant flow-rate, i.e. using an extremely fuel-lean flame, as shown in Figure 8.6. Another way to eliminate the molecular absorption due to NO proposed by... 

The most common catalyst used in urethane adhesives is a tin(lV) salt, dibutyltin dilaurate. Tin(IV) salts are known to catalyze degradation reactions at high temperatures [30J. Tin(II) salts, such as stannous octoate, are excellent urethane catalysts but can hydrolyze easily in the presence of water and deactivate. More recently, bismuth carboxylates, such as bismuth neodecanoate, have been found to be active urethane catalysts with good selectivity toward the hydroxyl/isocyanate reaction, as opposed to catalyzing the water/isocyanate reaction, which, in turn, could cause foaming in an adhesive bond line [31]. 

The origin of chemical elements has been explained by various nuclear synthesis routes, such as hydrogen or helium burning, and a-, e-, s-, r-, p- and x-processes. "Tc is believed to be synthesized by the s (slow)-process in stars. This process involves successive neutron capture and / decay at relatively low neutron densities neutron capture rates in this process are slow as compared to /1-decay rates. The nuclides near the -stability line are formed from the iron group to bismuth. 

Radon daughters are deposited on the surface of mucus lining the bronchi. It is generally assumed that the daughter nuclides, i.e. polonium-218 (RaA), lead-214 (RaB) and bismuth-214 (RaC), remain in the mucus and are transported towards the head. However, one dosimetric model assumes that unattached radon daughters are rapidly absorbed into the blood (Jacobi and Eisfeld, 1980). This has the effect of reducing dose by about a factor of two. Experiments in which lead-212 was instilled as free ions onto nasal epithelium in rats have shown that only a minor fraction is absorbed rapidly into the blood (Greenhalgh et al., 1982). Most of the lead remained in the mucus but about 30% was not cleared in mucus and probably transferred to the epithelium. 

The elements on the right side of the chart have more electrons j in their outer shells than those on the left, but their nuclei hold I them more tightly. Only the elements in Groups IV and V that have large atoms permit enough free electron movement for them to behave as metals. A diagonal line drawn down the chart from boron to bismuth divides the metals from the nonmetals. None of the elements above the line are metallic. 

Of course, alchemy dictates the response to Holsten s discovery What chiefly impressed the journalists of 1933 was the production of gold from bismuth and the realisation albeit upon unprofitable lines of the alchemist s dreams (194). But by 1953, Holsten and scientists and engineers develop... 

First-line treatment with quadruple therapy using a PPI (with bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline) achieves similar eradication rates as PPI-based triple therapy and permits a shorter treatment duration (7 days). However, this regimen is often recommended as second-line treatment when a clarithromycin-amoxicillin regimen is used initially. All medications except the PPI should be taken with meals and at bedtime. 

Radiation is derived from a sealed quartz tube containing a few milligrams of an element or a volatile compound and neon or argon at low pressure. The discharge is produced by a microwave source via a waveguide cavity or using RF induction. The emission spectrum of the element concerned contains only the most prominent resonance lines and with intensities up to one hundred times those derived from a hollow-cathode lamp. However, the reliability of such sources has been questioned and the only ones which are currently considered successful are those for arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium using RF excitation. Fortunately, these are the elements for which hollow-cathode lamps are the least successful. 

Another issue with ScSZ is that there is a decrease in conductivity at around 580°C as indicated by broken lines in two of the curves for higher scandia contents, 10.0 to 12.0 mol%. With high scandia contents, the cubic phase transforms to a lower conductivity rhombohedral phase, the p phase, at lower temperatures [25], The phase change can be avoided by limiting the scandia content to 8 mole% [25] or by codoping with other oxides, such as those of bismuth [36] or ytterbium [37],... 

Astatine - the atomic number is 85 and the chemical symbol is At. The name derives from the Greek astatos for unstable since it is an unstable element. It was first thought to have been discovered in nature in 1931 and was named alabamine. When it was determined that there are no stable nuclides of this element in nature, that claim was discarded. It was later shown that astatine had been synthesized by the physicists Dale R. Corson, K. R. Mackenzie and Emilio Segre at the University of California lab in Berkeley, California in 1940 who bombarded bismuth with alpha particles, in the reaction Bi ( He, 2n ) "At. Independently, a claim about finding some x-ray lines of astatine was the basis for claiming discovery of an element helvetium, which was made in Bern, Switzerland. However, the very short half-life precluded any chemical separation and identification. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 8.1 hour °At. 

The metallics are often called other metals and begin an arrangement on the periodic table in zigzag steps. (You may view this dark zigzag line that divides the metallics from metalloids on a copy of the Periodic table.) For the other metals or metallics, this zigzag line runs run from aluminum to gallium to indium to tin to thallium to lead and then ends with bismuth. Elements left of the zigzag are also called poor metals. ... 

Although lead is not one of the most common metals on Earth, it is one of the best known. The metallic forms of lead, mercury, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and zinc were not known as separate elements in ancient times until methods were developed to analyze these ores and their metals. The widespread knowledge of lead is attributed to the ancient Romans, who developed many practical uses for this heavy metal. Lead-lined pipes were used by the ancient Romans to bring water from their famous aqueducts to their homes. In addition, most of the population of Rome cooked their food in pots and pans made of lead and lead alloys. Because... 

Antimony alloys have many commercial applications. The metal makes its alloys hard and stiff and imparts resistance to corrosion. Such alloys are used in battery grids and parts, tank linings, pipes and pumps. The lead plates in the lead storage batteries constitute 94% lead and 6% antimony. Babbit metal, an alloy of antimony, tin, and copper is used to make antifriction machine bearings. Alloys made from very high purity grade antimony with indium, gallium and bismuth are used as infrared detectors, diodes, hall effect devices and thermoelectric coolers. 

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