Biosensors potential applications

More recently, alternative chemistries have been employed to coat oxide surfaces with SAMs. These have included carboxylic 1129, 1301, hydroxamic 11311, phosphonic 1124, 1321 and phosphoric acids 11331. Potential applications of SAMs on oxide surfaces range from protective coatings and adhesive layers to biosensors. 

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) has proved to be useful for analytical applications including organic analysis, ECL-based immunosensors, DNA probe assays, and enzymatic biosensors. In the last few years, the electrochemistry and ECL of compound semiconductor nanocrystallites have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in analytical chemistry (ECL sensors). 

B. Appleton, T.D. Gibson, and J.R. Woodward, High temperature stabilisation of immobilised glucose oxidase potential applications in biosensors. Sens. Actuators, B B43, 65-69 (1997). 

Biocompatible nanosized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer films provided a suitable microenvironment for heme proteins to transfer electron directly with underlying pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The Mb-PAMAM film can catalytically reduced oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite, indicating that the potential applicability of the film can be used to fabricate a new type of biosensor or bioreactor based on the direct electron transfer of Mb [234],... 

The QD-MWNT hybrid structures were formed via the assembly of quantum dot (QD) on the surface of MWNTs in aqueous solution (Jares-Erijman and Jovin, 2003), which shows an excellent solubility in aqueous solution, and owns potential application in bioassay, bio-conjugation, and biosensors as well as solar cell. For example, incorporation of QDs and SWNTs into the poly(3-octylthiophene)-(P3OT)... 

Table 13.2 summarises the different approaches used to construct enzyme electrochemical biosensors for application to food analysis based on the different types of enzymes available. Generally, the main problems of many of the proposed amperometric devices have been poor selectivity due to high potential values required to monitor the enzyme reaction, and poor sensitivity. Typical interferences in food samples are reducing compounds, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, bilirubin and acetaminophen. Electrocatalysts, redox mediators or a second enzyme coupled reaction have been used to overcome these problems (see Table 13.2), in order to achieve the required specifications in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. 

M. Mehervar and M. Abdi, Recent development, characteristics, and potential applications of electrochemcial biosensors, Anal. Sci., 20 (2004) 1113-1126. 

One area where the relationship between the structure of the polymer matrix and the physical processes of the thin layer has been studied in detail is that of electrodes modified with polymer films. The polymer materials investigated in these studies include both conducting and redox polymers. Such investigations have been driven by the many potential applications for these materials. Conducting polymers have been applied in sensors, electrolytic capacitors, batteries, magnetic storage devices, electrostatic loudspeakers and artificial muscles. On the other hand, the development of electrodes coated with redox polymers have been used extensively to develop electrochemical sensors and biosensors. In this discussion,... 

In this section, the potential application for amyloid fibrils and other selfassembling fibrous protein structures are outlined. These include potential uses in electronics and photonics presented in Section 4.1, uses as platforms for the immobilization of enzymes and biosensors presented in Section 4.2, and uses as biocompatible materials presented in Section 4.3. Each of these applications makes use of the ability of polypeptides to self-assemble and form nanostructured materials, a process that can occur under aqueous conditions. These applications also seek to exploit the favorable properties of fibrils such as strength and durability, the ability to arrange ligands on a nanoscale, and their potential biocompatibility arising from the natural materials used for assembly. 

Potential applications of peptide-polymer conjugates include drug delivery materials, optoelectronics, biosensors, tissue scaffolds, tissue replacement materials, hydrogels, adhesives, biomimetic polymers, lithographic masks, and templates for metallic or silica nanostructures. 

Kali AKM, Lee D-Y, Park S-H, Kwon Y-S (2008) Potential application of hemoglobin as an alternative to peroxidases in a phenol biosensor. Thin Solid Films 516 2816—2821... 

The immobilization of peroxidases can be classified in agreement with the support used for immobilization. In this way, three main types can be mentioned on organic, inorganic, and hybrid supports. Each of them displays their own characteristics that make them catalytically attractive and potentially applicable. Next, some examples and strategies are described. Additionally, peroxidases have been immobilized for their use in biosensors development with applications in diagnosis or electronics. These interesting and novel applications are covered in Chap. 6. 

Mashazi, P. N., Ozoemena, K. I. and Nyokong, T. (2006), Tetracarboxylic acid cobalt phthalocya-nine sam on gold Potential applications as amperometric sensor for H2O2 and fabrication of glucose biosensor. Electrochim. Acta, 52(1) 177-186. 

In the future, spiropyrans most likely will be used chiefly in biochemistry and image technology or optical physics, in ways in which their inherent fatigue can be neglected (not overcome - merely neglected). The potential applications of properly designed spiropyrans as biosensors specific for cations and nucleotides has already been described. 

Zhao et al. [104] reported the electrochemical behavior of myoglobin on MWCNT-GCE and the potential application for the development of a nitric oxide biosensor. Myoglobin was immobilized on the acid-treated-MWCNTs-GCE by dipping the electrode into 0.24 mM myoglobin solution (in acetate buffer pH 5.6) over 72 hours. After that, the electrode was removed, washed with water and stored at 4 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments... 

Particles with sizes in nanometers range may possesses unusual physical and chemical properties which are quite different from those of bulk materials because of their extremely small size and large specific surface area. They are expected to have many potential applications in many areas of science and technology, including catalysis, optoelectronic, chemical and biosensors, and drug delivery. 

For a potential application of cytochromes P450 in bioreactors or biosensors an interesting alternative is to substitute the biological electron donators by artificial ones Hke electrochemical [73,74,77,174] or... 

Recent advances and progress in electrically contacted, layered enzyme electrodes in the potential applications for amperometric biosensors, sensor... 

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