Physical optics

The exact values of E and 5E / 5n are in general unknown and the Kirchhoff or physical optics method consists in approximating the values of these two quantities on the surface and then evaluating the Helmholtz integral. We shall approximate the field at any point of the surface by the field that would be present on a tangent plane at the point. With this approximation, the field on the surface and its normal derivative are... 

Longhurst R S 1967 Geometrical and Physical Optics (New York Wiley)... 

Jenkins, F. A. and White, FI. E. (1957) Fundamentals of Optics, McGraw-FIill, New York. Longhurst, R. S. (1957) Geometrical and Physical Optics, Longman, London. 

P. W. Kmse, "The Photon Detection Process," in R. J. Keyes, ed.. Topics in Applied Physics, Optical and Infrared Detectors, Springer-Vedag, New York, 1980. 

The value of pigments results from their physical—optical properties. These ate primarily deterrniaed by the pigments physical characteristics (crystal stmcture, particle size and distribution, particle shape, agglomeration, etc) and chemical properties (chemical composition, purity, stabiUty, etc). The two most important physical—optical assets of pigments are the abiUty to color the environment in which they ate dispersed and to make it opaque. 

Stepanek P, Kondk C, Sedldcek B (1985) In Sedlacek B (ed) Physical optics of dynamic phenomena and processes in macromolecular systems. Proceedings of the 27th microsymposium on macromolecules, de Gruyter, Berlin, p 271... 

The conversion came at a time when the Newtonian program of explanation had lost ground in several fields of laboratory studies, including physical optics, electricity, and heat. Intellectually, this loss of influence was epitomized by the publication in 1826 of Augustin Fresnel s 1819 prize memoir on the diffraction of light, in which he abandoned the Newtonian corpuscular theory. Institutionally, the decline was registered by the 1822 election of Fourier to the office of permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences, despite the opposition of Laplace, who along with Berthollet had earlier personified the Newtonian tradition in France.37... 

The good student who has mastered calculus will be able to follow the arguments. The way will be made easier by whatever he has learned of differential equations, vector analysis, group theory, and physical optics." Henry Eyring, Quantum Chemistry (New York Wiley, 1944) iii. 

This book treats the most basic aspects to be initiated into the field of the optical spectroscopy of solids, so that a student with some background in quantum physics, optics, and solid state physics may be able to interpret simple optical spectra (absorption, reflectivity, emission, scattering, etc.) and learn about the main basic instrumentation used in this field. 

It is qualitatively very helpful if instead of having to solve the equations or simulate the solutions every time, we can get some physical understanding which reduces the task. Ray optics is one such method we look at the geometrical optics before the physical optics. Rays are reasonable concepts if diffraction broadening is not too great, that is, for a ray path, where A is the width of... 

Mrkvickova, L. Konak, C. Sedlacek, B. In Physical Optics of Dynamic Phenomena and Processes in Macromolecular Systems Sedlacek, B., Ed. W. de Gruyter Berlin, I985 p.353. 

V Geometrical and physical optics Interference phenomena, iridescence, diffraction, liquid crystals... 

F) M. Busco, "Ottica Fisica degli Esplosivi (Physical Optics of Explosives), Roma (1973)... 

Assume first that we have closed the entrance slit to the smallest possible opening so that a perfect geometrical line is approximated. From elementary physical optics we know that monochromatic illumination of the idealized slit in this system gives rise to a diffraction phenomenon owing to spatial truncation of the wave fronts by the aperture of width D. Thus, an irradiance... 

VI. Explanation of Interferometry and Related Physical Optical Effects Using 0(3) Electrostatics... 

Finally, in this section, we develop the concept of electromagnetic phase from U(l) to 0(3). This is a nontrivial development [4] that has foundational consequences for interferometry and physical optics for example. In U(l) electrodynamics, the electromagnetic phase is defined up to an arbitrary factor... 

VI. EXPLANATION OF INTERFEROMETRY AND RELATED PHYSICAL OPTICAL EFFECTS USING 0(3) ELECTRODYNAMICS... 

The P on the left-hand side of Eq. (162) denotes path ordering and the P denotes area ordering [4]. Equation (162) is the result of a round trip or closed loop in Minkowski spacetime with 0(3) covariant derivatives. Equation (161) is a direct result of our basic assumption that the configuration of the vacuum can be described by gauge theory with an internal 0(3) symmetry (Section I). Henceforth, we shall omit the P and P from the left- and right-hand sides, respectively, and give a few illustrative examples of the use of Eq. (162) in interferometry and physical optics. 

Equations leading to Eq. (162) apply in general in 0(3) electrodynamics and to interferometry and physical optics in general. They imply the existence of the quantity... 

These field equations are therefore the result of a non-Abelian Stokes theorem that can also be used to compute the electromagnetic phase in 0(3) electrodynamics. It turns out that all interferometric and physical optical effects are described self-consistently on the 0(3) level, but not on the U(l) level, a result of major importance. This result means that the 0(3) (or SO(3) = SU(2)/Z2) field equations must be accepted as the fundamental equations of electrodynamics. 

Physical optics, and interferometry in general, are described by the phase equation of 0(3) electrodynamics, Eq. (524). The round trip or closed loop in Minkowski spacetime is illustrated as follows ... 

Following Atkins [68], the propagation of particles follows a path dictated by Newton s laws, equivalent to Hamilton s principle, that particles select paths between two points such that the action associated with the path is a minimum. Therefore, Fermat s principle for light propagation is Hamilton s principle for particles. The formal definition of action is an integral identical in structure with the phase length in physical optics. Therefore, particles are associated with wave motion, the wave-particle dualism. Hamilton s principle of least... 

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