Linked activities

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The galactose, arabinose and xylose transporters of E. coli The bacterium E. coli possesses at least 7 proton-linked, active transport systems for sugars (for a recent review see [212]). Three of these transporters, which catalyze the uptake of L-arabinose, D-xylose and D-galactose by symport with protons, are related in sequence to the sugar transporters discussed above. They probably represent the best-characterized of the non-mammalian transporters, and so are discussed here in some detail. 

FIGURE 9.6 The loss of cross-linking activity of an aqueous solution of QMP11 (100 pM) in the presence (black) and absence (gray) of dA (20 mM). Cross-linking activity was measured at the indicated times by addition of duplex DNA (3 pM) and subsequent analysis by denaturing gel electrophoresis. Source Adapted from Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1291-1293.69... 

No cross-linking was observed when noncomplementary rather than complementary DNA was added to the mixture, and thus interstrand transfer of QM appears to be effective only from within a hybridized complex. Despite the obvious complications of annealing DNA that is constrained by capture of both QM equivalents of QMP11, such a species is suggested since both QM sites require protection from irreversible reaction over the many hours in which the cross-linking activity is preserved. 

Kim, S.F., Huang, A.S., Snowman, A.M., Teuscher, C. and Snyder, S.H. (2007) From the coven Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain mediated by histamine HI receptor-linked activation of hypothalamic AMP-kinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 (9), 3456-3459. 

For an oiganization to function effectively and efficiently, it has to identify numerous linked activities. An activity using resources, and managed in order to enable the transformation of inputs into outputs, is considered as a process. Often the output from one process directly forms the input to the next. 

Increase the size of the alky chain (e.g., >C4) to decrease its cross-linking activity. 

The peptidoglycan cross-linking activity of PBPs, otherwise known as transpeptidase activity, is inhibited by p-lactam antibiotics because of their struc-... 

A form of statistical relationship to link activity and descriptors... 

There are at least four distinct mechanisms by which messenger Ca2+ can be generated (Fig. 2). The most widely employed is that mediated by the receptor-linked activation of the inositol lipid pathway [15]. In this case, mobilization of Ca2+ from... 

Haudenschild, C. C., Zhan, X. (1997). Down-regulation of the filamentous actin cross-linking activity of cortactin by Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 272,13911-13915. 

Treatment of native pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase with cupric ion leads to loss of lipoate-linked activities and to a marked increase (10- to 30-fold) in the NADH-DCI activity. Concomitantly there is a drop of 2 in the number of titratable thiols. The action of cupric ion is catalytic 164, 155). Amperometric titration in the presence of urea before and after addition of sulfite indicates that the cupric ion-treated enzyme contains one disulfide in addition to the active center disulfide 155). Sulfite reacts with disulfides as follows ... 

Gel filtration of purified 6-MSAS indicates that it is a 750 kDa homotetramer [120]. When treated with 1,3-dibromopropanone (DBP), 6-MSAS behaves similarly to animal FASs and inactivation occurs concomitantly with its cross-linking to a covalent homodimer. By analogy to the well-characterized DBP cross-linked yeast and animal FASs [61,62,79,80], DBP is suggested to cross-link active site sulfhydryl residues of the -ketoacyl synthase cysteine and the AGP pantetheine. This notion is supported by the observation that preincubation with either acetyl or malonyl CoA precludes cross-linking. Thus, the functional significance of the tetrameric assembly of 6-MSAS remains a mystery. 

Ehrlich (1974) also demonstrated active manganese reduction by bacteria at pressures up to 41.2 MPa. The Mn02-reductase activity oi Bacillus 29 was stimulated by Na", K, Mg and Ca. The optimum temperature for Mn02-reductase activity varied with the system tested i.e., 40°C for induced whole cells, 25°C for induced glucose-linked activity in cell extracts, 30 C for uninduced glucose-linked, ferricyanide activity, and 40°C for uninduced... 

It has now been established by studies of numerous tissues that the interaction of all members of the Nk receptor family with appropriate ligands results in G protein-linked activation of phospholipase C and phos-phoinositol turnover with increased synthesis of inositol triphosphate (IPs) and consequent increases in levels of intracellular calcium (Nakanishi et al., 1993). This activation occurs via a pertussis toxin-insensitive pathway and probably involves the Gq/11 subfamily of Ga proteins (Kwatra et al., 1993). Activation of transfected tachykinin receptors in CHO cells can also result in the generation of cAMP (Nakajima et al., 1992 Wiener, 1993). 

The second messenger linking activation of surfece receptors by spasmogens in smooth muscle to release of intracellular Ca " has been identified as IP3. IP3 is formed by activated receptor stimulation of a cell membrane enzyme, PLC, which hydrolyses a lipid constituent of the cell membrane, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2 Fig. 9.4). 

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