Benzoic acid balsam tolu

Benzoic acid in the free state, or in the form of simple derivatives such as salts, esters, and amides, is widely distributed in nature. Gum benzoin (from styrax ben in) may contain as much as 20% benzoic acid in the free state or in combinations easily broken up by heating. Acaroid resin (from anthorrhoca haslilis) contains from 4.5 to 7%. Smaller amounts of the free acid are found in natural products including the scent glands of the beaver, the bark of the black cherry tree, cranberries, pmnes, ripe cloves, and oil of anise seed. Pern and Tolu balsams contain benzyl benzoate the latter contains free benzoic acid as well. The urine of herbivorous animals contains a small proportion of the glycine derivative of benzoic acid, hippuric acid [495-69-2] (CgH CONHCH2COOH). So-called natural benzoic acid is not known to be available as an item of commerce. 

Ben /ben ate [120-51-4] CgH COOCH2CgH, mp, 21°C, cff , 1.118 bp, 323—324°C at 101.3 kPa , 1.5681. This is a colorless, oily liquid with a faiat, pleasant aromatic odor and a sharp, burning taste. It occurs naturally iu Pern and Tolu balsams, is spariugly volatile with steam, and is iusoluble iu water. Benzyl benzoate is prepared commercially by the direct esterification of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol or by reaction of benzyl chloride and sodium benzoate. The pleasant odor of benzyl benzoate, like other benzoic esters, has long been utilized iu the perfume iadustry, where it is employed as a solvent for synthetic musks and as a fixative. It has also been used iu confectionery and chewing gum flavors. 

Balsam Tolu/lree cinnamic and benzoic acids... 

Benzyl Alcohol.—The simplest aromatic alcohol is the hydroxyl derivative of toluene and is known as benzyl alcohol, CeHs—CH2—OH. The radical, (CeHs—CH2—), is termed benzyl as in the alcohol and chloride above. The alcohol occurs as an ester in Peru balsam, in storax, a resin obtained from a plant sty rax, and in Tolu balsam from which the mother hydrocarbon toluene derives its name. On hydrolysis of the balsam benzyl alcohol is obtained. It is a liquid, b.p. 206.5°, slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol or ether. It may be prepared by those syntheses just given which yield primary alcohols. It may also be prepared by the reduction of the corresponding aldehyde, known as benzoic aldehyde or benzaldehyde (p. 655). On oxidation it yields the aldehyde and then an acid, benzoic acid. 

Occurrence.—Benzoic acid is a naturally occurring substance being found both free and as esters in gum benzoin Peru and Tolu balsams huckleberries, the flower, dragon s blood, etc. It also occurs in combina-... 

Which of the two is the cis form and which the trans form has not been determined. A third cinnamic acid, viz., iso-cinnamic acid, is also known, but the constitution of it has not been established. Cinnamic acid is found in nature in the resin storax both as the free acid and as the cinnamic alcohol ester, styrin. It is also found in Peru and Tolu balsams as the free acid and as the benzyl alcohol ester, the benzoic acid ester of benzyl alcohol being present also. Thus benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, cinnamic alcohol and cinnamic acid are all constituents of esters present in these plant resins. Allo-cinnamic acid, the geometric isomer, is obtained from coca leaves from which the alkaloid cocaine is also obtained (p. 896). When cinnamic acid is heated with lime it loses carbon dioxide and yields the unsaturated side-chain hydrocarbon st3rrene, or phenyl ethylene, CeHs—CH = CH2. On reduction it yields first cinnamic aldehyde, found in oil of cinnamon (p. 842) and then cinnamic alcohol. Both cinnamic acid and allo-cinnamic acid yield anhydrides. 

Balsams are mixtures of resins with cinnamic or benzoic acid or both and generally a volatile oil. Examples Balsamum Tolu-tanum, Styrax, Balsamum Peruvianum. 

Benzyl Alcohol, NF. Ben/yl alcohol (phenylcarbinol. phenylmethanol) occurs naturally as the unesteriried form in oil of jasmine and in esters of acetic, cinnamic, and benzoic acids in gum benzoin,. storax re.sin. Peru balsam, tolu balsam, and some volatile oils. It is. soluble in water and alcohol and is a clear liquid with an aromatic odor. 

Benzoic Add, USP. Benzoic acid and its esters occur naturally in gum benzoin and in Peru and tolu balsam.s. It is found as a white crystalline solid that slowly sublimes at room temperature and is steam distillable. It is slightly soluble in water (0.3%) but more. soluble in alcohol and in other polar organic. solvents. It has a pK of 4.2. Benzoic acid is used externally as an antiseptic in lotions, ointment.s. and mouthwashes. It is mure effective as a preservative in foods and pharmaceutical products at low pH (Ic.ss than the pK ). When used as a preservative in emulsions, its effectiveness depends on both pH and distribution into the two pha.scs. ... 

Tolutaimm balsamum Tolu balsam Myroxylon balsamum (L.) HARMS var. balsamum Fabaceae Leguminosae HELV VII, USP XXII, MD About 7.59I1 cinnamein , a mixture of benzoyl benzoate (4%-13%) and cinnaraoyl benzoate (1-3%) about 80% resin (mostly cinnamic esters of toiuresitannol), citmamic acid, benzoic acid, vanillin, eugenol... 

Balsam Tolu. Thomas balsam opobalsam resin Tolu. Ftom Toluifera balsamum L. (Myroxylon tolulferum H. B. K ), Leguminosae. Habit. South America (Venezuela, Colomhia, Peru) on elevated plains and mountains. Constit. 12-15% free cinnamic and benzoic acids about 40% benzyl, etc., estets of these acids (5.2-13.4% cinnamein) 1.5-3% volatile oil. Ref Rosenthaler, Pharm. Ztg-Nachr. 88, 716 (1952). C.A. 47, 5076 (1953). 

Benzoic acid—Acidum benzoicum (TJ. S.)—C Ht(COOH)—132— exists ready foruied in benzoin, tolu balsam, castoreum, and several resins. It does not exist in animal nature, so far as is at present known in those situations in which it has been found, it has resulted from decomposition of hippurio acid (.q.v.), or has been introduced from without. AVhen taken in moderate doses, it does not pass out in its own form, but is converted into hip-purie acid in excessive doses a portion is eliminated unchanged in the urine. It is obtained from benzoin, or from the urine of herbivorous animals and is formed in a variety of reactions. 

Benzoic Acid, CeHs.COOH, occurs in gum-benzoin, in many resins, in the balsams of Peru and Tolu, in cranberries, in coal-tar, and in combination with glycine as hippuric acid in the urine of herbivorous animals. It may be made by the general synthetic methods which have been described. It is prepared for use in pharmacy bysublimination from gum-benzoin. It is manufactured on the large scale from toluene, and is a by-product in the preparation of benzaldehyde. Toluene is converted by direct oxidation into benzoic acid. As benzyl chloride, C6H5.CH2CI, is more readily oxidized than toluene, the latter is first treated with chlorine, and then heated with dilute nitric acid. It has been shown recently that if a mixture of air and the vapor of toluene is passed over vanadium oxide at about 400° the hydrocarbon is oxidized to benzoic acid. 

Aminoethylacrylate phosphate/acrylates copolymer Ammonium acrylates/acrylonitroqens copolymer Ammonium acrylates copolymer Ammonium alginate Ammonium VA/acrylates copolymer AMP-acrylates copolymer AMP-acrylates/diacetone-acrylamide copolymer AMPD-acrylates/diacetoneacrylamide copolymer Arachidyl behenate Atelocollaqen Balsam Canada (Abies balsamea) extract Balsam copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) oil Balsam tolu (Myroxylon balsamum) Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) wax Beeswax Beeswax, white Beeswax, yellow Behenyl/isostearyl beeswax Benzoic acid/phthalic... 

Aromatic compounds are currently defined as cyclic hydrocarbons in which the carbon skeleton is linked by a specified number of conjugated 71-bonds in addition to a-bonds (Hiickel s rule). During the early days of industrial aromatic chemistry in the mid-19th century, the structure of aromatic compounds had not yet been elucidated. The name of this class of compounds is historically-based since the first members were obtained from aromatic, i.e. pleasant-smelling resins, balsams and oils examples of this are benzoic acid, which was obtained from gum benzoin, toluene from tolu balsam and benzaldehyde from oil of bitter almonds. 

Benzoic acid is used as a typical preservative in cosmetics and other topical preparations (concentration 0.1-0.2%). It is a constituent of Balsam of Peru and Balsam of Tolu. Allergic contact dermatitis (cheilitis) was reported from a toothpaste (Aguirre and Izu 1993). 

It turned out that many of these aromatic substances have rather simple structures. Many contain a six-carbon unit that passes unscathed through various chemical reactions that alter only the rest of the structure. This group, CgHs—, is common to many substances, including benzaldehyde (isolated from the oil of bitter almonds), benzyl alcohol (isolated from gum benzoin, a balsam resin obtained from certain Southeast Asian trees), and toluene (a hydrocarbon isolated from tolu balsam). When any of these three compounds is oxidized, the QH5 group remains intact the product is benzoic acid (another constituent of gum benzoin). The calcium salt of this acid, when heated, yields the parent hydrocarbon QHg (eq. 4.1). 

ALT AND AST. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase are enzymes located in liver cells that leak out into the general circulation when liver cells are injured. Previously known as the SGPT (serum glutamic-pymvic transaminase) and the SCOT (serum glutaic-oxaloacetic transaminase), respectively ATPASE. Adenosine triphosphatase BALSAMS. Mixtures of resins that contain relatively large amounts of cinnamic or benzoic acid or their esters. Typical balsams are balsam Peru, balsam Tolu, styrax, and benzoin. Canada balsam, Oregon balsam, and copaiba balsam are not true balsams since they do not contain benzoic or cinnamic acid or their esters. Balsams are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol... 

Tolu balsam resinoid contains a fairly large amount of benzyl and cinnamyl esters of benzoic and cinnamic acid [284a, 800-800b]. 

Toluol.—When tolu balsam is distilled, there passes over a large quantity of benzoic, mixed with a little cinnamic acid, and a yellow liquid, which is a mixture of toluol and benzoic ether. By redistilling this, so as only to collect the portions which pass over hetweas 265° and 285°, a distillate is obtained, which, when deprived of benzole acid by distillation with solid caustic potaaaa, possesses the properties which belong to toluol. 

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