Hydrocarbons toluene

The solubihty of alkylphenols in water falls off precipitously as the number of carbons attached to the ring increases. They are generally soluble in common organic solvents acetone, alcohols, hydrocarbons, toluene. Solubihty in alcohols or heptane follows the generalization that "like dissolves like." The more polar the alkylphenol, the greater its solubihty in alcohols, but not in ahphatic hydrocarbons likewise with cresols and xylenols. The solubihty of an alkylphenol in a hydrocarbon solvent increases as the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain increases. High purity para substituted phenols, through Cg, can be obtained by crystallization from heptane. 

Bridger and Russell10 generated phenyl radicals by the thermolysis of phenyla-zotriphenylmethane at 60 °C. They did this in the presence of various hydrocarbons— toluene, cyclohexane, etc. The following reactions occur ... 

VII Aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene, halosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro compounds, methylene chloride, aromatic ethers... 

Cobalt bromide is used as a catalyst in the technology of production of arylcarboxylic acids by the oxidation of methylaromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, p-xylene, o-xylene, polymethyl-benzenes). A cobalt bromide catalyst is a mixture of cobaltous and bromide salts in the presence of which hydrocarbons are oxidized with dioxygen. Acetic acid or a mixture of carboxylic acids serves as the solvent. The catalyst was discovered as early as in the 1950s, and the mechanism of catalysis was studied by many researchers [195-214],... 

As alkylaromatic hydrocarbon (toluene, p-xylene, etc.) is oxidized, aldehydes appear radicals and peracids formed from them play an important role. First, aldehydes react rapidly with the Co3+ and Mn3+ ions, which intensifies oxidation. Second, acylperoxyl radicals formed from aldehydes are very reactive and rapidly react with the initial hydrocarbon. Third, aldehydes form an adduct with primary hydroperoxide, which decomposes to form aldehyde and acid. 

Chemical/Physical. Kanno et al. (1982) studied the aqueous reaction of benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene, and naphthalene) with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion. They reported that the aromatic ring was not chlorinated as expected (forming chlorobenzene) but was cleaved by chloramine forming cyanogen chloride (Kanno et al, 1982). 

Comparing commercially available RP C18 and RP C8 columns, it has been found that the differences in A -values for hydrocarbons (toluene and ethyl benzene) are greater within the group of RP C8 and RP C18 respectively than between RP C8 and RP C18 columns. From this it can be... 

These features provide evidence for a reaction path, common to the four methyl-aromatics under study, that involves the following steps i) activation of the methyl-aromatic in the form of a benzyl species ii) reaction of this species with the catalyst surface giving the corresponding aldehyde, probably with the intermediacy of benzy-loxy- species, as discussed previously (13) iii) oxidation of the aldehyde by the catalyst surface to give the carboxylate species iv) decarboxylation of the carboxylate species giving COj, and, likely, a demethylated hydrocarbon (toluene from xylenes and benzene from toluene). All these successive processes occur both with and without gas phase oxygen, that, consequently, is not active in them. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylenes, ethyl benzene, trimethylbenzenes, styrene, benzene) Insulation, textiles, disinfectants, plastics, paints, smoking... 

Vegetable oil c Hydrocarbons, toluene, xylene Clear varnish, industrial enamels, printing inks, paint primer... 

Lin, H.C. Krishnamurti, R. (1993) Chlorocarbons, -hydrocarbons (toluenes). In Kroschwitz, J.l. Howe-Grant, M., eds, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed., Vol. 6, New York, John Wiley, pp. 101-113... 

As alkylaromatic hydrocarbon (toluene, p-xylene, etc.) is oxidized, aldehydes appear radicals and peracids formed from them play an important role. First, aldehydes react rapidly... 

Of the hydrocarbons toluene is the only one which nitrates sufficiently easily and yields a product which has the proper physical and explosive properties. Trinitrotoluene is the most widely used of the pure aromatic nitro compounds. It melts at such temperature that it can be loaded by pouring. It is easily and surely detonated, and is insensitive to shock, though not insensitive enough to penetrate armor-plate without exploding until afterwards. It is powerful and brisant, but less so than trinitrobenzene which would offer certain advantages if it could be procured in sufficient quantity. 

Solvents, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, toluene, benzene, and xylene, can cause a feeling of euphoria, but they can be deadly toxins. Small, daily doses may cause dizziness, mental confusion, and fatigue high doses will cause permanent damage to the central nervous system. Lead, mercury, and manganese ion poisoning will alter and destroy central and peripheral nerve function and cause personality changes. 

The KG/F values in aqueous systems for the solvents listed in Table 13-5 can be used as approximate values for other solvents with similar structures. The aromatic hydrocarbon, toluene, is in this respect an exception where its partition coefficient in the air/water system has a value of KG/F = 0.5. 

To address the primary compositional characteristics of coal-derived type synthetic fuels, a neat aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene) and a neat aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-octane) were selected for this study. 

Brown-Woodman PD, Webster WS, Huq F, et al. 1992. Assessment of interactive effects of the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, xylene, and benzene on rat embryonic development in vitro. Teratology 45(3) 326. 

Benzyl Alcohol.—The simplest aromatic alcohol is the hydroxyl derivative of toluene and is known as benzyl alcohol, CeHs—CH2—OH. The radical, (CeHs—CH2—), is termed benzyl as in the alcohol and chloride above. The alcohol occurs as an ester in Peru balsam, in storax, a resin obtained from a plant sty rax, and in Tolu balsam from which the mother hydrocarbon toluene derives its name. On hydrolysis of the balsam benzyl alcohol is obtained. It is a liquid, b.p. 206.5°, slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol or ether. It may be prepared by those syntheses just given which yield primary alcohols. It may also be prepared by the reduction of the corresponding aldehyde, known as benzoic aldehyde or benzaldehyde (p. 655). On oxidation it yields the aldehyde and then an acid, benzoic acid. 

Strong reducing agents reduce it to the hydrocarbon toluene. 

Reduction.—On reduction with sodium the acid yields the corresponding alcohol, benzyl alcohol, which by hydrogen iodide and phosphorus is further reduced to the hydrocarbon toluene. This last reducing agent also reduces the acid directly to the hydrocarbon. 

Solubility soluble in acetone, chloroform, ethanol (95%), ethyl acetate, fats, fatty alcohols, fixed oils, liquid hydrocarbons, toluene, and waxes. Dissolves many waxes, cholesterol, or lanolin. Practically insoluble in glycerin, glycols, and water. 

Although it is a solid at room temperature, the reagent proved useful for a study of the autoxidation of weakly acidic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylenes) in the presence of pota.ssium t-butoxide at 100 . Under these conditions DMSO is oxidized rapidly and is not a suitable solvent. 

An aromatic hydrocarbon toluene would usually be preferred over benzene on safety grounds. 

Commonly used water-immiscible solvents in industrial-scale processes include alcohols (isobutanol, -butanol), ketones (particularly methyl isobutyl ketone), acetates (butyl, ethyl, isopropyl), hydrocarbons (toluene, hexanes), and methylene chloride. These solvents are inexpensive, readily available, and exhibit physical properties of low viscosity and density significantly different from water. Common water-miscible solvents are the alcohols (particularly methanol). For laboratory-scale processes, the selection is greater since selection is not constrained by economics. Craig and Sogn (16) have prepared an extensive compilation of such solvents. 

Braungart et al. (1997) have also investigated emissions from 11 electronic devices in their desiccator. All products were operated during or immediately before the test. Unit-specific emission rates ranged from 5.9 pg/h (cellular phone) to 206 pg/h (electric shaver). Emission rates of 7 products were below 27 pg/h. Typical VOCs detected in the chamber air were aliphatic hydrocarbons (C10-C18), aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, o-, m- and p-xylene, C3-/C4-benzenes), 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, BHT (2,6-di-tert- butyl-4-methylphenol) and cyclohexanone. One electric shaver emitted large amounts of methylnaphthalenes. Emission rates of single compounds were well below 10 pg/h apart from one case in which the emission of 23 pg/h naphthalene from an electric hair drier was measured. 

Knowledge of the saturation concentrations of the organic condensable species remains incomplete. These concentrations are expected to vary significantly with temperature. The few available relevant measurements include the saturation vapor concentrations of mono-carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids (Tao and McMurry, 1989) and the )3-pinene aerosol products (Pandis et al., 1991). Saturation vapor concentrations of condensable products from the oxidation of some aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, m-xylene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) were estimated to lie in the range of 3 to 30 ppt (Seinfeld et al., 1987). 

---