Glutamate serum

In bone, three proteins have been described which are vitamin K-dependent, osteocalcin (bone Gla protein), matrix Gla protein (MGP), and protein S. Osteocalcin is synthetized by osteoclasts, regulated by the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Its capacity to bind calcium needs a vitamin K-dependent y-carboxylation of three glutamic acid residues. The calcium binding capacity of osteocalcin indicates a possible role in bone mineralization, but its exact function is still unclear. However, it is widely used as a serum marker for bone mineralization. Protein S, mainly a coagulant, is also vitamin-K dependent and synthesized in the liver. Children with... 

SCOT serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone... 

Activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT, GPT) (EC 2.6.1.2), L-y -glutamyl-transferase (y-GT) (EC 2.3.2.2) and level of triglycerides (TG) in serum, as well as levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver were determined. 

GME glycine methyl ester GDM glutamic dimethyl ester EDA ethylendiamine GAM glucosamine HDA hexadecylamine BSA bovine serum albumin OVA ovalbumin CA carbonic anhydrase MYO myoglobin H alkaline hydrolysis for converting ester groups from GME or GDM into free carboxylic acid groups that were subsequently activated with EDC for further modifications. 

For example, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity can be standardized with oxalacetate but not with "convenient" substances such as pyruvate (J ). When reference serums are used, the label value should be confirmed at frequent intervals by the actual method being used routinely, as label values can be in error (19). Conversion factors to convert the results obtained by one method into those obtained by another can give erroneous results and should not be used. 

The GMT in human serum reacts most rapidly with Y-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide at pH 8.2. The same activity is found in 2-amino-2-methylpropane-l 3 diol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and tris buffers. Magnesium ions have no effect on the activity but favor the solubilization of the substrate. Bondar and Moss (54) found that free glutamate, due to elevated serum glutamate concentrations or glutamate released by substrate breakdown, increases the apparent GMT activity. They concluded that the assay should be performed in the presence of 1.0 vM/1 glutamate in order to reduce the possibility of falsely elevated results. This was not observed by others. Rowe and co-workers have indicated that certain batches of p-nitroanilide substrate contain impurities which may reduce GMT activity and increase the values ( ). Huesby and Stromme (56) confirmed the presence of such impurities and recommended pyridine extraction for substrate purification. 

Schneider, A. J. Willis, H. J. Sources of variation in a standardized and semi-micro procedure for serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase. Clin. Chem. (1958), 4, 392-408. Atwood, J. G. DiCesare, J. L. Making enzymatic methods optimum for measuring compounds with a kinetic analyzer. Clin. Chem. (1975), n, 1263-1269. 

Amador, E. and Wacker, W E. C. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity. A new modification and an analytical assessment of current assay technics. Clin. Chem. (1962), 8, 343-350. 

Amador, E. and sod, M. F. Characterization of the normal serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity of healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Path. (1967), 47,... 

Amador, E., Franey, R. J. and Massod, M. F. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity Diagnostic accuracy of the revised spectrophotometric and the dinitrophenylhydrazine methods. Clin. Chem. (1966),... 

Russell, C. D. Cotlove, E. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase Evaluation of a coupled-reaction enzyme assay by means of kinetic theory. Clin. Chem. (1971), 17, 1114-1122. 

Bondar, R. J. L. and Moss, G. A. Enhancing effect of glutamate on apparent serum Y glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Clin. Chem. (1974), 20, 317-319. 

Lachnit V, Pietschmann H. 1960. Activity of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and aldolase in workers exposed to halogenated hydrocarbons. Ind Med Surg 29 523-525. 

SCOT (AST) Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (aspartate TCN Tetracycline... 

SGPT (ALT) Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (alanine TG Triglyceride... 

Positive ROA bands in the range 1297-1312 cm-1 are also characteristic of a-helix. These are observed at 1300 cm-1 in human serum albumin (Fig. 4) and at 1297 cm-1 in a-helical poly-L-lysine (Fig. 3). These additional bands appear to be associated with a-helix in a more hydrophobic environment (Barron etal., 2000). The striking absence of a positive ROA band in the range 1297-1312 cm-1 in a-helical poly-L-glutamic acid would then suggest that only the hydrated form of a-helix is present, possibly due to the shorter side chains relative to poly-L-lysine,... 

The most common carrier proteins in use today are keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH MW 4.5 X 105 to 1.3 X 107), BSA (MW 67,000), aminoethylated (or cationized) BSA (cBSA), thyroglobulin (MW 660,000), ovalbumin (OVA MW 43,000), and various toxoid proteins, including tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid. Other proteins occasionally used include myoglobin, rabbit serum albumin, immunoglobulin molecules (particularly IgG) from bovine or mouse sera, tuberculin purified protein derivative, and synthetic polypeptides such as poly-L-lysine and poly-L-glutamic acid. 

Choline-containing phospholipids have been determined in human serum using an IMER consisting of coimmobilized phospholipase D and choline oxidase [51]. Recently, immobilized glutamate oxidase was used to determine L-glutamic acid in culture media [52],... 

Increased serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase enzyme activity Increased blood pressure increased hemoglobin... 

Dose-dependent decrease in serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) activity in 96 h, but values overlapped normal GOT range from this hatchery 50... 

Altered ammonia, glutamate, benzodiazepine receptor agonists, and manganese are associated with HE. However, serum ammonia levels are poorly correlated with mental status in HE. 

L-glutamic acid and 30 mM malic acid under the same experimental condition as for the pre-culture. The 150 ml-capacity of a serum bottle was used for the pre-cultures and for the hydrogen production. Two types of 2.5 L-capacity flat-rectangular and vertical photo-bioreactors, which were made of glass for both flat sides and stainless steel for the edges or made of clear plastic acryl material, were used for the production of hydrogen and P-D-hydroxybutyrate. 

The liver appeared to be a target organ for hexachloroethane following oral administration. When one dose of 500 mg/kg was administered in an olive oil aqueous emulsion to male sheep, the levels of glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, and aspartate aminotransferase in serum increased in the 2-day period after compound administration and then normalized (Fowler 1969b). Hexachloroethane had no effect on bromsulphthalein uptake from the blood by liver cells, but the transfer of this dye to bile was reduced in sheep exposed to doses of 500-1,000 mg/kg/day. 

SGPT Serum glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase... 

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