Automotive batteries specific energy

This review of work on additives to the positive plate shows that a variety of effects can be achieved. The choice of additives is very dependent on the intended application and corresponding battery requirements. Additives that enhance material utilization and/or reduce plate weight may be desirable for batteries in electric vehicles, where high specific energy is required. In automotive batteries. 

In the case of Ni-MH batteries, which can be cycled about 5000 times their nominal capacity at 80% DoD and more than 15,000 times their nominal capacity with shallow cycling [55,56,60-63], may be an appropriate choice. In the future, lithium-ion batteries may also enter the automotive market. Their high specific energy, which exceeds that of lead-acid systems by about a factor of three at medium discharge rates, would allow air-conditioning to be operated even in the engine-off mode. The calendar-life of lithium-ion batteries under automotive operating conditions, however, still needs to be improved, and there must be a reduction in cost to an acceptable level for such batteries. 

Automotive Popular, low-cost secondary battery, moderate specific-energy, high-rate, and low-temperature performance maintenance-free designs Automotive SLl, golf carts, lawn mowers, tractors, aircraft, marine... 

A more detailed description of different types of batteries and other electric energy storage systems for electric vehicles can be found in Sect. 5.3, while a description of the main characteristics and properties of fuel cells for automotive application is given here, starting from some basic concepts of electrochemistry and thermodynamic, and focusing the attention on the operative parameters to be regulated to obtain the best performance in the specific application. 

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