Batteries: other

The secondary production of lead begins with the recovery of old scrap from worn-out, damaged, or obsolete products and with new scrap. The chief source of old scrap is lead-acid batteries other sources include cable coverings, pipe, sheet, and other lead-bearing metals. Solder, a tin-based alloy, may be recovered from the processing of circuit boards for use as lead charge. 

Without any doubt the microporous polyethylene pocket will meet all requirements of modern starter batteries for the foreseeable future. Whether and to what extent other constructions, such as valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, other battery systems, or even supercapacitors, will find acceptance, depends — besides the technical aspects — on the emphasis which is placed on the ecological or economical factors. 

Cesium hydroxide is used as electrolyte in alkahne storage batteries. Other apphcations of this compound involve catalytic use in polymerization of cyclic siloxane and treatment of hazardous wastes. 

Mercury(II) oxide is found natively in the mineral montroydite. The oxide is used primarily to prepare other mercury salts. The red form of the oxide is used as a depolarizer in a certain type of dry batteries. Other applications are paints and pigments as a reagent in several wet analyses and to catalyze in organic reactions. The oxide also is used in ointments as a topical antiseptic. 

Mercury(II) sulfate is an electrolyte for primary batteries. Other apphca-tions are in extraction of gold and silver from roasted pyrites as a catalyst in organic reactions such as conversion of acetylene to acetaldehyde and as a reagent for wine coloring. 

Nickel nitrate is used in the preparation of nickel-impregnated catalysts. It also is used to make nickel plates in nickel-cadmium batteries. Other apph-cations are in ceramics to produce brown colors and in preparing nickel oxide. 

Although the most useful extraction process is with countercurrent flow in a multistage battery, other modes have some application. Calculations may be performed analytically or graphically. On flowsketches like those of Example 14.1 and elsewhere, a single box represents an extraction stage that may be made up of an individual mixer and separator. The performance of differential contactors such as packed or spray towers is commonly described as the height equivalent to a theoretical stage (HETS) in ft or m. 

Paul R. Gifford, Ovonic Batten Company. Troy. Ml, hllp //www.ovonic. com/. Batteries Other... 

Lead (Pb) ranks fifth behind iron, copper, aluminum, and zinc in industrial production of metals. About half of the lead used in the U.S. goes for the manufacture of lead storage batteries. Other uses include solders, bearings, cable covers, ammunition, plumbing, pigments, and caulking. 

Each of the three oxides of lead is important technologically PbO in ceramics, Pb304 in paints, and Pb02 in the widely used lead-storage-battery. Other reported intermediate oxides of lead (such as Pb203 and PbsOe) have not been convincingly characterized. 

Besides batteries, other sources of electricity started to be introduced beginning in... 

Battery performance is measured in terms of voltage and capacity. The voltage is determined by the chemistry of the metals and electrolytes used in the battery. The capacity is the number of electrons that can be obtained from a battery. Since current is the number of electrons released per unit time, cell capacity is the current supplied by a cell over time and is normally measure in ampere-hours. Battery specialists experiment with many different redox combinations and try to balance the energy output with the costs of manufacturing the battery. Other factors, such as battery weight, shelf life, and environmental impact also factor into the battery s design. 

Fleet operators and large scale industrial users of batteries are in a better position than the general consumer communities to collect discarded batteries. Because of the organizational structure of the former group, the establishment of collection systems within their existing organizations is relatively easy. The more difficult problem lies in the domain of domestic users, particularly the problem of the retrieval of batteries other than lead-acid batteries. The retrieval of spent automotive lead-acid batteries from domestic users, by far the most significant fraction of lead acid batteries, is relatively efficient because these batteries are sold on a trade-in basis in most cases. However, most consumer batteries are not sold in this manner. 

Lead Storage Battery Other Batteries Fuel Cells... 

Two more types have gained increasing importance during the second half of the twentieth century nickel hydride storage batteries and a variety of lithium batteries. Other battery systems are of relatively limited use, mainly to supply power needs in military devices. 

Technology Lithium-Polymer Battery Other Battery Systems Battery Overview... 

This chapter gives basic information on existing systems such as the lead acid battery other systems under development are described in Chapter 1 and Chapter 10. 

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