Constituents of wastes

Kharaka, Y.K., Retention of dissolved constituents of waste by geologic membranes, in Symposium on Underground Waste Management and Artificial Recharge, Braunstein, J., Ed., publication 110, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 1973, pp. 420-435. 

Competition with other constituents of waste, both organic and inorganic, for sorption sites... 

The definition of solid waste in RCRA specifically excludes source, special nuclear, and byproduct materials as defined in AEA. Therefore, radioactive constituents of wastes that arise from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle are excluded from regulation as hazardous waste under RCRA. 

As in the case of hazardous contaminants discussed in Chapter 16, CBPC treatment converts radioactive constituents of waste streams into their nonleachable phosphate mineral forms. It follows the philosophy [7] that, if nature can store radioactive minerals as phosphates (apatite, monozites, etc.) without leaching them into the environment, researchers should be capable of doing the same by converting radioactive and hazardous... 

The soil environment is the one most commonly affected by explosives wastes, primarily because (1) spill sites and disposal areas (e.g., bum pits) at packing and production facilities are predominantly in upland areas and (2) most explosive compounds are solids with low aqueous solubility. Extensive groundwater contamination is associated primarily with wastewater lagoons and leach pits at production and packing facilities. Table 7.3 indicates the primary constituents of waste streams. 

The primary constituents of waste streams from explosives operations that result in soil contamination are nitroaromatics and nitramines including the following ... 

Variation data are due to differences in the type of test (static vs. flow through), species tested, and other constituents of waste and specific surfactant selection. Values given are LC50 in ppm therefore lower numbers represent higher toxicity. 

Drying— removal of solvent or water from a solid or semisolid (sludge) or the removal of solvent from a liquid or suspension— is a very important operation, because water is often the major constituent of waste products, such as sludges. In freeze drying, the solvent usually water, is sublimed from a frozen material. Hazardous-waste solids and sludges are dried to reduce the quantity of waste, to remove solvent or water that might interfere with subsequent treatment processes, and to remove hazardous volatile constituents. 

Knutzen, J. 1995. Effects on marine organisms from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other constituents of waste water from aluminium smelters with examples from Norway. The Science of the Total Environment, v.l63, p.107-122. 

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