B. campestris

B. campestris is a common weed in Santa Cruz County, CA. This... 

Summer, 1983. In order to determine the best density at which broccoli and campestris could be planted without affecting production of broccoli, an experiment was conducted in a complete randomized bloc)c de.sign with five treatments 0, 2, 4, and 8 B. campestris plants/isi interplanted with broccoli at a density of 4.5 plant/m and a control planting of B. campestris alone at the same density. 

Table IV. Age at Which B. campestris or B. oleracea var. italica Showed Allelopathic Activity (fresh material extracts, lOg/100 mL) on Radicular Growth of Hordeum vulgare, Vicia atropurpurea, Lolium multiflorum, Raphanus raphanistrum, R. sativus, B. oleracea var. italica, B. oleracea var. Georgia, and Lactuca satiya. N = 30, Numbers show percent of inhibition compared to control. 

Figure 2 shows the inhibition produced by sinigrin (0.013 g per Petri dish) compared with that produced by the chloroform fraction of B. campestris. It is clear that the fraction from campestris produced more inhibition than sinigrin, and only R. sativus was not inhibited by either sinigrin or the chloroform fraction. 

Figure 2. Percentage of Inhibition of Radicular Growth of Several Species Produced by Sinigrin and the Chloroform Fraction (0.013 g) Extracted from B. campestris. N = 30. Treatments with different letters differ significantly at = 0.05% by Duncan s multiple range test.

Field studies do not demonstrate conclusive allelopathic inhibition of weeds by wild mustard or broccoli, but there are some indications of allelopathic interference. First, the main weeds in the first weeding were crucifers in all treatments, but not in the following weedings. They were stimulated to germinate only at that time. Second, broccoli production was affected by B. campestris yields were increased during the summer. Earlier planting of mustard in the fall inhibited broccoli yields, but had no effect when mustard was planted at the same time broccoli was transplanted. In addition, stimulatory effects of crucifers on other crucifers or other crops has been observed before (10, 16, 41). 

Nuttall, W.F., H. Ukrainetz, J.W.B. Stewart, and D.T. Spurr. 1987. The effect of nitrogen, sulphur and boron on yield and quahty of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.). Canad. Jour. Soil Sci. 67 545-559. Ohlendorf, H.M., D.J. Hoffman, M.K. Sadd, and T.W. Aldrich. 1986. Embryonic mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds apparent impacts of selenium from irrigation drainwater. Sci. Total Environ. 52 49-63. Okay, O., H. Guclu, E. Soner, and T. Balkas. 1985. Boron pollution in the Simav River, Turkey and various methods of boron removal. Water Res. 19 857-862. 

The extracted meal is a high-quality, high-protein feed ingredient. Canola meal from B. campestris contains about 350g/kg CP, whereas the meal from B. napus contains 3canola meal is lower and the methionine content is higher than in soybean meal. Otherwise it has a comparable AA profile to soybean meal. However, the AA in canola meal are generally 8-10% less available than in soybean meal (Heartland Lysine, 1998) therefore, canola meal must be properly processed to optimize the utilization of the protein. 

Newkirk et al. (1997) conducted a nutritional evaluation of low-glucosinolate mustard meals. Samples of brassica seed (four B. juncea, one B. napus and one B. rapa) were processed to produce oil-extracted meals, which were then fed to broiler chickens. Meals derived from B. juncea contained more CP and less TDF on a dry basis than B. napus or B. campestris, 459 versus 446 and 431 g/kg CP and 272.2 versus 294.7 and 296.7g/kg TDF, respectively. ADF and NDF levels for B. juncea and B. campestris meals were similar to each other, but lower than those of B. napus, 127.9 and 132.0 versus 206g/kg ADF, and 211.5 and 195.8 versus 294.7g/kg NDF, respectively. B. juncea meals contained more glucosinolates than B. napus and B. campestris, 34.3 versus 21.8 and 25.5pmol/g total glucosinolates, respectively. B. juncea meals were equal or superior to B. napus and B. campestris meals for AME and apparent ileal protein digestibility. 

Newkirk et al. (1997) found that broilers fed on B. juncea meals grew as quickly and converted feed to gain as efficiently to 21 days of age as those fed on B. napus and B. campestris meals. Feeding meal from B. campestris reduced growth rate and gain/feed ratio. They concluded that the nutritional value of meals from low-glucosinolate mustard is equal or superior to that of rapeseed meal samples derived from B. napus and B. campestris cultivars. 

Table 4.1.4A. Canola seed cooked (IFN 5-04-597). The entire seed of the species Brassica napus or B. campestris, the oil component of which contains less than 2% erucic acid and the solid component of which contains less than 30pmol of any one or any mixture of 3-butenyl glucosinolate, 4-pentenyl glucosinolate, 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate and 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl glucosinolate per g of air-dry, oil-free solid (GLC method of the Canadian Grain Commission). (From CFIA, 2007.)...

Brassica kaber (or Sinapis arvensis) Brassica rapa (or B. campestris) Capsella bursa-pastoris Chenopodium album Chenopodium ficifolium Chenopodium gigantospermum (or C. Hybridum)... 

Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler or Sinapis arvensis L. Brassica rapa L. or B. campestris L. 

Rapeseed/Canola belongs to the turnip rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and mustard family of crops that can be grown at low temperatures and moderate humidity. Three species have been grown as oilseeds Brassica napus, known in Europe as rape, oil rape, Swede rape, and Argentine rape B. campestris, known as rapeseed, oil turnip, turnip rape, and Polish rape and B. juncea, known as leaf mustard, brown mustard, Oriental mustard, and Indian mustard. B. campestris was grown in India as early as 2000-1500 BC. 

Hinata, K., and N. Konno. 1979. Studies on a male sterile system having B. campestris nucleus and D. muralis cytoplasm. Breeding and some characteristics of this strain. Japanese Journal of Breeding 29 305-311. 

The chloroplasts of triazine-resistant weed species are a potential source of herbicide resistance for treinsfer into crop plants. Chloroplast transfer, that is the combination of desirable chloroplasts and nuclei, can be achieved by crossing or by protoplast fusion. Chloroplast transfer by crossing is carried out using the line with the desirable chloroplasts as the maternal parent and the line with the desirable nuclear background as the pollen parent. Repeated crossing results in substituting the chromosomes (nucleus) of the chloroplast source with those of the recurrent pollen parent as chloroplasts in crops are only inherited by the maternal parent. This strategy has been used to introduce the triazine-resistant chloroplasts from bird s rape (a weed, Brassica campestris) into cultivated B. campestris and B. napus... 

Canola or rapeseed (Brassica napus or B. campestris) is a bright yellow-flowering member of the Brassicaceae (also known as the mustard) family. It is cultivated for the production of animal feed, vegetable oil for human consumption, and biodiesel. Worldwide, canola was the third leading source of vegetable oil in 2000, after soy and palm oils. Canola is also the world s second leading source of protein meal. ... 

Zhang and coworkers reported the isolation of 20 and 22 from bee-coUected pollen of B. campestris In China, this pollen is considered to be a health food and herbal medicine. It is also considered as an antioxidant and may have antitumor properties. In an attempt to understand the biogenesis of 20 and 22, the biosynthesis from 5-(hydroxymethyl)-l//-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (23) and 3-deoxy-D-fructose (24) was proposed. The authors do acknowledge that this biosynthesis is problematic, as there are no known natural sources of 3-deoxy-D-fructose 24 and there are only a few known syntheses (Scheme 9) ... 

There is evidence to suggest that at least 2000 years ago B. campestris was distributed from the Atlantic islands In the west to the eastern shores of China and Korea, and from northernmost Norway, south to the Sahara, and on Into India (Sinskaia, 1928). It should be noted, however, that none of the Brassicas was native to the Americas. 

In contrast, development of the oilseed and root forms of B. napus appears to be relatively recent. The Greeks and Romans knew of the 8. napus swede or rutabaga root crops however, reference to these forms does not appear in the ancient literature, and wild populations of B. napus have not been found (Prakash and Hinata, 1980). Because the species is the result of an interspecific cross between B. campestris and B. oleracea, it could only arise where the two parental species were growing in close proximity. Since the distribution of wild B. oleracea was confined to the Mediterranean area, it is generally agreed that B. napus originated in Southern Europe. 

It is only in relatively recent times that B. napus forms have been introduced to Japan, China, and the Indian subcontinent. In the Far East the B. napus form has been more productive than indigenous oilseed forms of B. campestris. Today, most of the rapeseed produced in China, Korea and Japan is harvested from B. napus type plants that have been bred from interspecific crosses between Introduced B. napus and older indigenous B. cam-... 

The biennial form of B. campestris is also grown and although it is more winter hardy and requires a shorter growing season than B. napus, the yield of seed and oil is less under favorable growing conditions. Consequently, the area of winter 6. campestris production is limited to the more rigorous climates of central Sweden and Finland (Loof, 1972). In general, the winter forms of both species are less winter hardy than winter barley thus, their distribution is restricted to maritime climates in the temperate zones. 

On the Indian subcontinent, B. juncea and the sarson form of B. campestris are usually sown in October or November and harvested in March or April. However, the toria form can be sown in September and harvested in December. 

In Sweden, where the summer and winter forms of both species are grown, average 1961-1968 yields for the winter forms of B. napus and B. campestris were 2700 and 1900 kg/ha, respectively, while the respective yield of the summer forms of the two species were 1700 and 1300 kg/ha (Loof, 1972). In Canada, yields of summer B. napus and B. campestris are lower, approximately 1200 and 900 kg/ha, respectively. Brassica juncea in Canada normally yields about 10% above B. napus. In Pakistan and India, average yields of rape and mustard are about 400-600 kg/ha. However, under irrigation B. juncea yields of 2000-2500 kg/ha are common (Prakash, 1980). 

Flowers of B. campestris are normally smaller and darker yellow than those of B. napus. The two species are more clearly distinguished at flowering by examining the position of the buds to the open flowers which surround them (Figs. 4-1 and 4-2). In B. napus the buds are normally borne above the open flowers while in B, campestris and 6. juncea the buds are held below the uppermost open flowers. The shape of the leaves on the flowering stock can also be used to distinguish the two rape species, B. juncea and other mustard species (Fig. 5). In B. campestris the leaf blade clasps the stem completely, while in B, napus the leaf only partially clasps the stem. In B. juncea the leaf blade does not reach the stem and terminates well up the petiole. 

Fig. 6. Typical pods of (a) B. napus showing an intact and opened pod with the seeds of the upper locule exposed, while those of the lower locule are obscured by the central lamella (b) an intact and opened pod of B. campestris.

In B. napus all present varieties are black seeded while in B. juncea both brown and pure yellow seeded varieties are grown. In B, campestris the majority of present varieties are dark to reddish-brown, but pure yellow varieties of yellow sarson and yellow-brown Canadian varieties. Candle and Tobin, are in commercial production (Fig. 4-4). 

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