Boron pollution

Nuttall, W.F., H. Ukrainetz, J.W.B. Stewart, and D.T. Spurr. 1987. The effect of nitrogen, sulphur and boron on yield and quahty of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.). Canad. Jour. Soil Sci. 67 545-559. Ohlendorf, H.M., D.J. Hoffman, M.K. Sadd, and T.W. Aldrich. 1986. Embryonic mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds apparent impacts of selenium from irrigation drainwater. Sci. Total Environ. 52 49-63. Okay, O., H. Guclu, E. Soner, and T. Balkas. 1985. Boron pollution in the Simav River, Turkey and various methods of boron removal. Water Res. 19 857-862. 

Montgomery, J.R., M. Price, J. Thurston, G.L. de Castro, L.L. Cruz, and D.D. Zimmerman. 1978. Biological availability of pollutants to marine organisms. U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. 600/3-78-035. 134 pp. Mora, M.A. and D.W. Anderson. 1995. Selenium, boron, and heavy metals in birds from the Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 54 198-206. 

Lipsett, J., A. Pinkerton, and D.J. David. 1979. Boron deficiency as a factor in the reclamation by liming of a soil contaminated by mine waste. Environ. Pollut. 20 231-240. 

Narvekar, P.V., M.D. Zingde, and V.N.K. Dalai. 1983. Behaviour of boron, calcium and magnesium in a polluted estuary. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 16 9-16. 

Sage, R.R, S.L. Ustin, and S.J. Manning. 1989. Boron toxicity in the rare serpentine plant, Streptanthus morrisonii. Environ. Pollut. 61 77-93. 

Panizza, M., Michaud, P.-A., Cerisola, G. and Comninellis, Ch. (2001b) Electrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing organic pollutants on boron-doped diamond electrodes Prediction of specific energy consumption and required electrode area. Electrochem. Commun. 3,336-339. 

Panizza, M. and Cerisola, G. (2006a) Electrochemical oxidation of aromatic sulphonated acids on a boron-doped diamond electrode. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 27, 64-74. 

Zhi, J. F., Wang, H. B., Nakashima, T., Rao, T. N. and Fujishima, A. (2003), Electrochemical incineration of organic pollutants on boron-doped diamond electrode. Evidence for direct electrochemical oxidation pathway. J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(48) 13389-13395. 

Ivandini, T.A., Rao, T.N., Fujishima, A. and Einaga, Y. (2006) Electrochemical oxidation of oxalic acid at highly boron-doped diamond electrodes. Anal. Chem. 78, 3467-3471 Josephy, P. D. (1996) Molecular Toxicology, Oxford University Press, New York, NY Kraft, A., Stadelmann, M. and Blaschke, M. (2003) Anodic oxidation with doped diamond electrodes A new advanced oxidation process. J. Hazard. Mater. 103, 247-261 Kusic, H., Koprivanac, N. and Bozic, A.L. (2006) Minimization of organic pollutant content in aqueous solution by means of AOPs UV- and ozone-based technologies. Chem. Eng. J. 123, 127-137... 

Polcaro, A.M., Mascia, M., Palmas, S. and Vacca, A. (2004) Electrochemical degradation of diuron and dichloroaniline at BDD electrode. Electrochim. Acta, 49,649-656 Polcaro, A.M., Vacca, A., Mascia, M. and Palmas, S. (2005) Oxidation at boron doped diamond electrodes An effective method to mineralise triazines. Electrochim. Acta 50,1841-1847 Posada, D., Betancourt, P., Liendo, F. and Brito, J.L. (2006) Catalytic wet air oxidation of aqueous solutions of substituted phenols. Catal. Lett. 106, 81-88 Rajeshwar, K. and Ibanez, J. (1997) Fundamentals and Applications in Pollution Abatement, Academic, New York, NY... 

In fact, only recently the electrochemical oxidation process has been recognized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). This is due to the development of boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes on which the oxidation of organic pollutants is mediated via the formation of active hydroxyl radicals. 

Other Separations. Other TSA applications range from C02 removal to liy7drocarbon separations, and include removal of air pollutants and odors, and purification of streams containing HQ and boron compounds. Because of their high selectivity7 for CO 2 and their ability7 to dry7 concurrently,... 

Zeolites have also proven applicable for removal of nitrogen oxides (NO ) from wet nitric acid plant tail gas (59) by the UOP PURASIV N process (54). The removal of NO from flue gases can also be accomplished by adsorption. The Unitaka process utilizes activated carbon with a catalyst for reaction of NO, with ammonia, and activated carbon has been used to convert NO to N02, which is removed by scrubbing (58). Mercury is another pollutant that can be removed and recovered by TSA. Activated carbon impregnated with elemental sulfur is effective for removing Hg vapor from air and other gas streams the Hg can be recovered by ex situ thermal oxidation in a retort (60). The UOP PURASIV Hg process recovers Hg from clilor-alkali plant vent streams using more conventional TSA regeneration (54). Mordenite and clinoptilolite zeolites are used to remove HQ from Q2, clilorinated hydrocarbons, and reformer catalyst gas streams (61). Activated aluminas are also used for such applications, and for the adsorption of fluorine and boron—fluorine compounds from alkylation (qv) processes (50). 

Thirty-four minor and trace elements are of potential environmental concern (n ). Sulfur is the element of major concern due to its abundance in flue gases from some coal-burning plants and its subsequent contribution to "acid rain." Sulfur as acidic ions of sulfate can also contribute to pollution of surface water and groundwater. Other elements of greatest concern are As, B, Cd, Pb, Hg, Mo, and Se. With the exception of B and Se, these elements are strongly associated with mineral matter in the coal and are concentrated in waste piles from coal preparation plants. If the waste disposal site is not constructed as a closed system, pollution of nearby groundwater is possible. Boron and Se may contribute to the pollution risk as they are associated with both mineral and organic components. On the other hand, certain coal-mine wastes have potential for recovery of valuable metals such as zinc and cadmium (18). 

---