Climate, maritime

Kiehl, J. T. (1994). Sensitivity of a GCM climate simulation to differences in continental versus maritime cloud drop size, /. Geophys. Res. 99, 23107-23115. 

The 210Pb input from the atmosphere must have been constant over the past 150 years due to the relative constancy in the maritime climate (temperature and soil moisture influences the radon emanation rate) and the resulting constancy in the input source for 210Pb. Therefore, the deviations from a single log-linear relationship of the unsupported 210Pb activity with the dry mass of sediment accumulation must be due to some property of the watershed. The three different relationships shown in... 

In alpine regions, especially in maritime climates, snow depths may be considerable. This insulates the stream environment from subzero temperatures. River ice is an important environmental component of alpine rivers and has resulted in adaptive mechanisms among the fauna [50, 51]. Despite these adaptations, winter conditions inevitably cause high mortality to stream invertebrates and fish, especially in reaches with unstable snow and ice cover and thereby susceptible to formation of frazil and anchor ice. The lack of winter ice cover in lake outflows and groundwater-fed reaches provides a favourable environment for primary producers and those benthic invertebrates utilising primary production [52]. 

Winds blowing over the oceans, or maritime winds, bring a lot of rain. Oceans also control the distribution of pressure and the prevailing winds. Evaporation of water from ocean surfaces is an important factor in the water cycle. Ocean currents - warm currents and cold currents - influence the climate of the coasts along which they flow. Oceans regulate and stabilize the climate of the earth. 

In most of the rest, meaning all that lying east of the Rockies except the subtropical segment in the Southeast, variations of the four-season climate generally prevail. But unlike the temperate climates of winegrowing Europe, most of them softened by maritime influences, these are subject to such continental extremes that even the hardiest and most disease-resistant European wine grapes are not really at home. Nowhere in this area has a... 

This apparent incompatibility between the theoretical and the empirical data could be reconciled by considering the water film thickness (d), which controls -29% of the growth variability. In climate systems that show alternating warm-dry and cool-wet periods, speleothem growth might be controlled alternately by the temperature and the water film thickness. Temperate maritime climates, controlled by depressions related to westerly winds and the polar front, do in fact show these extremes of climate (warm-wet or cool-dry conditions are relatively rare). In another climate system, temperature and... 

Maritime climate— A moist climate that is neither too hot nor too cold, caused by the moderating ef-fed of water on temperatures. 

The climate of the peninsula is cool-temperate maritime. Beech and oak forest is the dominant vegetation. Climate variation since the end of the Pleistocene has been slight, but has affected the vertical distribution of some plant communities (3). 

The impact of the temperature gradient on metamorphism explains many of the features of Figure 1. The typical HGM-type metamorphism of the taiga snowpack eventually transforms most of the snowpack into depth hoar, " while the QIM-type metamorphism of the maritime and Alpine snowpacks forms, in the absence of melting, layers of small rounded grains 0.2 to 0.4 mm in diameter. However, considering the effects of other climate variables such as wind speed is necessary to explain features such as the presence of windpacks formed of small rounded grains in the tundra snowpack. 

FIGURE 5.15 Cumulative, standardized (mean = 0, STD = 1) series of the winter (IFM) frequency of weather types with dominating meridional circulation (MC, dots) producing north winds over West Europe (1891-1968) from data of Girs (1971) and that of the WIBIX (open circles) note the negative (positive) trend in the MC (WIBIX) during the maritime climate mode (1903-1939) identified in Fig. 5.14. 

FIGURE 5.18 Winter season (JFM) overall difference of westerly wi nds ((7) at the sea level between the actual maritime climate mode starting in 1988 and a great part of the preceding continental mode (1948-1987) as derived from (NOAA, 2006) positive values (gray coloured) indicate increasing westerlies within the belt of the planetary frontal zone (40°-60°N) during the last 18 years. 

FIGURE 5.20 Cumulative series of the standardized WIBIX (mean — 0, STD = 1, open circles) and the detrended series of the Simkin Volcano Index (SIX) (dots) describing the weighted frequency of annual volcanic eruptions reaching the stratosphere between 63°S and 87"N modified from Hagen (2006) horizontal lines mark identified interim periods of the continental (full line) and the maritime climate mode (dotted line) derived from Fig. 5.14. 

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