Aquatic birds

It is not normally necessary to seed waterbodies with fish. Fish will be introduced by natural means (e.g. by aquatic bird life). 

Stendell RC, Ohlendorf HM, Klaas EE, Elder JB. 1976. Mercury in eggs of aquatic birds. Lake St. Clair — 1973. Pestic Monit J 10 7-9. 

Hothem, R.L. and D. Welsh. 1994. Contaminants in eggs of aquatic birds from the grasslands of central California. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27 180-185. 

Florida whole California Aquatic birds 4 species 1985-88 Grasslands area livers North Grasslands vs. South Grasslands (more Se-contaminated area) ... 

Fatal chronic selenosis in aquatic birds is characterized by low body weight or emaciation, liver necrosis, enlarged kidneys (up to 40% heavier than normal), and more than 66 mg Se/kg DW liver... 

Albers, P.H., D.E. Green, and C.J. Sanderson. 1996. Diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in aquatic birds dietary exposure, tissue concentrations, and macroscopic effects. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 32 468-485 Correction. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 32 725-726. 

Green, D.E. and P.H. Albers. 1997. Diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in aquatic birds histologic... 

Lemly, A.D. 1996a. Assessing the toxic threat of selenium to fish and aquatic birds. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 43 19-35. 

Ohlendorf, H.M., D.J. Hoffman, M.K. Saiki, and T.W. Aldrich. 1986. Embryonic mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds apparent impacts of selenium from irrigation drainwater. Sci. Total Environ. 52 49-63. 

Ohlendorf, H.M., R.L. Hothem, and D. Welsh. 1989. Nest success, cause-specific nest failure, and hatchability of aquatic birds at selenium-contaminated Kesterson Reservoir and a reference site. Condor 91 787-796. 

Paveglio, F.L., C.M. Bunck, and G.H. Heinz. 1992. Selenium and boron in aquatic birds from central California. 

Ohlendorf, H. M., Hoffman, D. J., Saiki, M. K., Aldrich, T. W. 1986. Embryonic mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds Apparent impacts of selenium from irrigation drain water. Science of the Total Environment, 52, 533-535. 

Aquatic birds nesting at Kesterson Reservoir in 1983 were found to have high rates of embryo deformities and mortality. Beginning in 1984, adult birds were also found dead in unusually high numbers. Through a series of field and laboratory studies, these effects were attributed to the exceptionally high concentrations of selenium in the biogeochemical food web of the birds. 

Swedish gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus nestlings, feather Percent aquatic birds in diet >40.0 DW 21... 

Aquatic birds central California, 1985-88 livers South Grasslands (contaminated) vs. North Grasslands freshwater substituted for irrigation drainwater in fall 1985 Cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera... 

Nuttall, W.F., H. Ukrainetz, J.W.B. Stewart, and D.T. Spurr. 1987. The effect of nitrogen, sulphur and boron on yield and quahty of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.). Canad. Jour. Soil Sci. 67 545-559. Ohlendorf, H.M., D.J. Hoffman, M.K. Sadd, and T.W. Aldrich. 1986. Embryonic mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds apparent impacts of selenium from irrigation drainwater. Sci. Total Environ. 52 49-63. Okay, O., H. Guclu, E. Soner, and T. Balkas. 1985. Boron pollution in the Simav River, Turkey and various methods of boron removal. Water Res. 19 857-862. 

Parry, R.W. and G. Kodama (eds.). 1980. Boron Chemistry — 4. Pergamon Press, New York. 161 pp. Paveglio, F.L., C.M. Bunck, and G.H. Heinz. 1992. Selenium and boron in aquatic birds from central Cabfomia. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 56 31-42. 

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