Aviation fuel aromatics

The PetroClean bioremediation system treats biodegradable contaminants (i.e., gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other organic compounds in soils and groundwater. 

In the event of another major war, it is probable that all existing isomerization units would be reactivated and pushed to capacity. Although production of Grade 115/145 aviation fuel required by newer aircraft engines may place somewhat greater emphasis on aromatics, there would still be a demand for maximum alkylate production, and butane isomerization would again play an important role. Expansion of pentane and naphtha isomerization is somewhat less certain and would depend on future developments in aircraft fuels. 

Hydrocracking [2] Pt on zeolites or aluminosilicates aromatics mixture saturated hydrocarbons automotive/aviation fuel... 

The catalytic alkylation of isobutane with C3—C5 alkenes was commercialized in the US during WW II. Blending the alkylate product with catalytically cracked gasoline provided high-octane aviation fuel. The introduction of aromatic and oxygenated fuel additives, such as methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), pushed alkylation to the sidelines. However, in the 1990s, when the environmental effects of such additives were realized, alkylation regained its importance [191]. 

Xylene An aromatic hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent. It is also used in producing aviation fuel, resins, and dyes. 

Jet fuels are aviation fuels used mainly by the United States and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations for military establishments. Other fuels called Jet A and Jet A-1 are closely related fuels used by commercial airlines. JP are a complex mixture of primarily aliphatic (but also aromatic) hydrocarbons, derived from crude oil and/or kerosene by refining and adding various other additives such as fuel icing inhibitors, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and static dissipaters. Gas chromatographic analysis of JP-8, the most recent JP, indicates that it is made up of complex mixture of 9 to 17 different hydrocarbons, including thousands of isomers and three to six performance additives. They are generally colorless liquids and smell like kerosene. 

Typical hydrocarbon chain lengths characterizing JP-4 range from C4 to C16. Aviation fuels consist primarily of straight and branched alkanes and cycloalkanes. Aromatic hydrocarbons are limited to 20-25% of the total mixture because they produce smoke when burned. A maximum of 5% alkenes are allowed in JP-4 (ATSDR 1995c). The approximate distribution by chemical class is 32% straight alkanes, 31% branched alkanes, 16% cycloalkanes, and 21% aromatic hydrocarbons (ABB Environmental 1990). The typical hydrocarbon composition of JP-4 is presented in Table E-3.b (Appendix E). 

The conventional isosynthesis for producing branched hydrocarbons appears to be mainly of academic interest, especially in this country. It was developed on a laboratory scale in Germany when there was an extreme need for isobutene and isobutane, as a starting material for the production of aviation fuels. As shown in Table 11-11, about 57 per cent of the Cj- -product is Cj and C4 hydrocarbons, and 80 per cent of the C4 is branched. Rather severe operating conditions include a temperature of 400-450°C and pressure of 100-300 atm. The common Fischer-Tropsch catalysts are not satisfactory for the isosynthesis. The more recent development to yield aromatics may be of commercial value at some time. 

Recovery of Aromatics. A most interesting adaptation of the Edeleanu process was used during the Second World War for production of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons for high-octane-number aviation fuels. A description of the process as used at the Abadan refinery of the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. is given by Moy (124). The ordinary Edeleanu process, since it operates with Type 1 phase diagrams, cannot produce a concentra-... 

Kerosene (middle distillate) Paraffins. Chain length of Cjo to Cjg. Mixture of kerosene and gasoline fractions with an aromatic hydrocarbon content < 25%. For kerosene and aviation fuel. 120-200... 

Such information is important because paraffinic oils are excellent for the production of aviation kerosene (jet fuel), diesel, lubricants and paraffins naphthenic oils produce significant fractions of gasoline, naphtha, aviation fuel and lubricants while the aromatic oils are best suited for the production of gasoline, solvents and asphalt (Thomas, 2001). 

Copper corrosion of aromatics 0873, Oxidation stability of aviation fuels X X ... 

Petroleum and Petrochemical Processes. The first large-scale appHcation of extraction was the removal of aromatics from kerosene [8008-20-6J to improve its burning properties. Jet fuel kerosene and lubricating oil, which requite alow aromatics content (see Aviation and OTHER gas... 

M-iscellaneousFxtractions. Additional extractive separations using sulfolane involve (/) mercaptans and sulfides from sour petroleum (45) (2) /-butylstyrene from /-butylethjlbenzene (46) (J) mixtures of close boiling chlorosHanes (47) and (4) aromatics from kerosene (48—50), naphtha (49,51—53), and aviation turbine fuel (54). 

Jet fuel formulations used by the U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy/Marines include JP-4, JP-5, JP-8, or JP-8+100, while the aviation industry utilizes Jet A or A1. Essentially all these fuels are kerosene-based, complex mixtures of hundreds of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (C6-C17) that are differentiated based on performance additives. Primary... 

Aromatics - [FEEDSTOCKS - PETROCHEMICALS] (Vol 10) -m gas turbine fuels [AVIATION AND OTHER GAS TURBINE FUELS] (Vol 3)... 

JP-8 jet fuel is a complex mixture of primarily C8-20 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Those living near airports and military aviation training sites are exposed to the volatile fraction of JP-8 by inhalation. Laboratory rats exposed via inhalation to JP-8 jet fuel vapors were shown to have protein alterations in their kidneys. 

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