Oxygenates aviation fuel

Alkanes undergo combustion reaction with oxygen at high temperatures to produce carbon dioxide and water. This is why alkanes are good fuels. Oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons is the basis for their use as energy sources for heat, e.g. natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and fuel oil, and for power, e.g. gasoline, diesel fuel and aviation fuel. 

The catalytic alkylation of isobutane with C3—C5 alkenes was commercialized in the US during WW II. Blending the alkylate product with catalytically cracked gasoline provided high-octane aviation fuel. The introduction of aromatic and oxygenated fuel additives, such as methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), pushed alkylation to the sidelines. However, in the 1990s, when the environmental effects of such additives were realized, alkylation regained its importance [191]. 

Another test used for determining the extent of oxidation of aviation fuels is the determination of the hydroperoxide number (ASTM D-6447) and the peroxide number (ASTM D-3703). Deterioration of aviation fuel results in the formation of the peroxides as well as other oxygen-containing compounds, and these numbers are indications of the quantity of oxidizing constituents present in the sample as determined by measurement of the compounds that will oxidize potassium iodide. 

JP4 - a wide range heavy naphtha-kerosene blend. This aviation fuel is currently being phased out and replaced with an unleaded blend containing oxygenates and other alcohols as lead-free replacement additives. The carbon range covered is typically C6-C14. 

Juno 1. A space research vehicle which is a four-stage version of the Juniper C (qv). The first stage bums a high energy hydrazine fuel, called Hydyne (developed by the North American Aviation Co), and liq oxygen. The 2nd,... 

Furthermore, the higher aromatics content and the possible presence of oxygenates in motor gasoline can induce solvent characteristics that are unsuitable for seals, gaskets, fuel lines, and some fuel tank materials in aircraft. Motor gasoline may also contain additives that could be incompatible with certain in-service aviation turbine fuel (ASTM D-4054, ASTM D-4307). For example, alcohols or other oxygenates can increase the tendency for the fuel to hold water, either in solution or in suspension. 

The principal consumer of petroleum products is the transportation industry with the internal combustion engine (ICE) as the major application. This is shown in Table 3.4. The ICE includes the spark ignition and diesel engines, common for the automotive vehicle, and the gas turbine used for aviation and industrial applications. Each class of engine requires a special type of fuel. The heats of combustion of the fuels may not be significantly different, but the composition of the components and their rates of reactions with oxygen could determine its application. The characteristics of gasoline... 

These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels. 

Waste soybean and palm oils (by-product of the purification process of palm oil) were proposed for a single-step process to generate jet-fuel (aviation is responsible of 12% of CO2 emissions). Results showed a degree of oxygen removal of 95%, without using hydrogen, which are promising results for the sustainability of aviation transportation (Choi et al., 2015). 

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