Volatility aviation fuel

The PetroClean bioremediation system treats biodegradable contaminants (i.e., gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other organic compounds in soils and groundwater. 

There is finally another type of jet fuel somewhat heavier and less volatile than TRO, which allows safe storage on aircraft carriers. This is the TR5 or JP5. Among these products, TRO or Jet Al have the most widespread acceptance because they are used for almost all the world s civil aviation fleet. The information that follows will concern essentially TRO, and very rarely TR4. 

Evaporative processes are very important in the weathering of volatile petroleum products and may be the dominant weathering process for gasoline. Automotive gasoline, aviation gasoline, and some grades of jet fuel (e.g., JP-4) contain 20 to 99% highly volatile constituents (i.e., constituents with fewer than nine carbon atoms). 

Aviation gasoline is possibly the most complex fuel produced in the refinery. Specifications for volatility, calorific value, and antiknock ratings are stringent. 

Because propylene is highly volatile and must be marketed as fuel gas rather than as gasoline, it is low in cost and would appear to be a desirable alkylation feed stock. Balanced against its low cost, however, are the increased catalyst consumption and decreased product quality encountered in its alkylation. Consequently, its inclusion in alkylation feed is usually limited to minor quantities by the alkylate quality required for the maximum production of aviation gasolines. 

Tetraethyl Lead (TEL)—A volatile lead compound which is added to motor and aviation gasoline to increase the antiknock properties of the fuel. Pb(C2H5)4. The use of this compound has diminished in recent years because of pollution regulations. 

JP-8 jet fuel is a complex mixture of primarily C8-20 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Those living near airports and military aviation training sites are exposed to the volatile fraction of JP-8 by inhalation. Laboratory rats exposed via inhalation to JP-8 jet fuel vapors were shown to have protein alterations in their kidneys. 

Commercial aviation utilizes low volatility kerosene defined by a flash point minimum of 38 °C. The flammability temperature has been invoked as a safety factor for handling fuels aboard aircraft carriers Navy JP-5 is a low volatility kerosene of minimum flash point of 60°C, similar to other Navy fuels. 

Mid-range distillates are typically products in a relatively broader carbon range (Ce to C26) and include kerosene (a flammable pale yellow or colorless oily liquid with a characteristic odor intermediate in volatility between gasoline and diesel oil that distills between 125 and 260°C), aviation jet (turbine) fuels, and lighter diesel products. 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Commercial propane Commercial butane Aviation gasoline (Avgas) Automotive gasoline Volatility class A Volatility class B Volatility class C Volatility class D Volatility class E Aviation turbine fuel Jet A or A-1 JetB... 

The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point, smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometei number. Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel. 

These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels. 

---