Composition aviation fuel

It is likely that future commercialization of Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) will take place in a fluid-bed reactor for many of the same reasons which encouraged fluid-bed MTG development, including better temperature control and constant product composition. The olefins produced by this process can be readily converted to gasoline, distillate and/or aviation fuels by commercially available technologies such as Mobil s MOGD process. 

Diesel fuels and aviation fuels are different in their composition, but the principles are the same. They must bum efficiently and give out energy as heat. 

Typical hydrocarbon chain lengths characterizing JP-4 range from C4 to C16. Aviation fuels consist primarily of straight and branched alkanes and cycloalkanes. Aromatic hydrocarbons are limited to 20-25% of the total mixture because they produce smoke when burned. A maximum of 5% alkenes are allowed in JP-4 (ATSDR 1995c). The approximate distribution by chemical class is 32% straight alkanes, 31% branched alkanes, 16% cycloalkanes, and 21% aromatic hydrocarbons (ABB Environmental 1990). The typical hydrocarbon composition of JP-4 is presented in Table E-3.b (Appendix E). 

Jet fuel is kerosene-based aviation fuel. It is medium distillate used for aviation turbine power units and usually has the same distillation characteristics and flash point as kerosene. Jet fuels are manufactured predominately from straight-run kerosene or kerosene-naphtha blends in the case of wide cut fuels that are produced from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil. Jet fuels are similar in gross composition, with many of the differences in them attributable to additives designed to control some fuel parameters such as freeze and pour point characteristics. For example, the chromatogram (Figure 27.4) of a commercial jet fuel (Jet A) is dominated by GC-resolved n-alkanes in a narrow range of n-C-j to n-Cig with maximum being around n-Ci. The UCM is well dehned. 

A plasma-chemical reactor, based on the atmospheric-pressme gliding arc (see Section 10.2.5), has been used for syngas production by partial oxidation of liquid aviation fuels (Czemichowski et al., 2004). Specifically, the analyzed aviation fuels were JP-8 and heavy naphtha with composition close to jet fuel. The initial temperature in the system... 

WM Chung, Q Wang, U Sezerman, RH Clarke. Analysis of aviation turbine fuel composition by LRS. Appl Spectrosc 45 1527-1532, 1991. 

SIT significantly depends on fuel composition and its structure as well as on pressure, temperature, and fuel concentration in a fuel vapor/oxidizer system. For typical hydrocarbons SIT lies in the range between 600°C (methane) and 200°C (decane). The lower SIT level = 190°C is used for assessing the danger of aviation kerosene ability to explode. SIT is always much higher than the explosion temperature and significantly lower than the flammability temperature of a heated surface. 

Jet fuel is classified as aviation turbine fuel, and in the specifications, ratings relative to octane number are replaced with properties concerned with the ability of the fuel to bum cleanly. Jet fuel is a light petroleum distillate that is available in several forms suitable for use in various types of jet engines. The exact composition of jet fuel is established by the U.S. Air Force using specifications that yield maximum performance from the aircraft. The major jet fuels used by the military are JP-4, JP-5, JP-6, JP-7, and JP-8. 

Kerosene [8008-20-6] - [AIRPOLLUTION CONTROLMETHODS] (Vol 1) - [AIRPOLLUTION] (Vol 1) - pXTRACTION - LIQUH)-LIQUID] (Vol 10) - [HYDROCARBONS - SURVEY] (Vol 13) - pEFOAMERS] (Vol 7) -composition [AVIATION AND OTHER GAS TURBINE FUELS] (Vol 3) -diffusion coefficient of benzene m [ABSORPTION] (Voll) -in gas turbines [AVIATION AND OTHER GAS TURBINE FUELS] (Vol 3) -in papermaking [PAPERMAKING ADDITIVES] (Vol 18) -use m beryllium mining [BERYLLIUM AND BERYLLIUM ALLOYS] (Vol 4)... 

The principal consumer of petroleum products is the transportation industry with the internal combustion engine (ICE) as the major application. This is shown in Table 3.4. The ICE includes the spark ignition and diesel engines, common for the automotive vehicle, and the gas turbine used for aviation and industrial applications. Each class of engine requires a special type of fuel. The heats of combustion of the fuels may not be significantly different, but the composition of the components and their rates of reactions with oxygen could determine its application. The characteristics of gasoline... 

Flame-barrier coatings—Thin coatings composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in silicone matrices exhibit outstanding flame barrier characteristics (i.e., protection from combustion and decomposition). In addition, they offer abrasion and scratch resistance do not produce toxic gases and are extremely adherent to most glass, metal, wood, plastic, and composite surfaces. Hame-barrier coatings are used in aerospace, aviation, electronic, and industrial applications, and typically applied on wires and cables, foams, fuel tanks, and reinforced composites. 

This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke produdng properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke produdng tendency. 

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