AVIATION AND OTHER GAS TURBINE FUELS

See Process control. Robots in the scientific laboratory, Robots, processing. 

The gas turbine power plant which has revolutioni2ed aviation derives basically from the steam turbine adapted to a different working fluid. The difference is cmcial with respect to fuel because steam can be generated by any heat source, whereas the gas turbine requires a fuel that efficiently produces a very hot gas stream and is also compatible with the turbine itself. The hot gas stream results from converting chemical energy in fuel directly and continuously by combustion in compressed air. It is expanded in a turbine to produce useful work in the form of jet thmst or shaft power. 

The first appHcation of the gas turbine principle to a ground system was in 1906 when waste heat from furnace gases was used to operate a turboblower which compressed air for a blast furnace. Developments in metallurgy and compressor design after World War I led, in 1937, to the first 

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th Edition) 

Fuel Aircraft propulsion Aircraft type Ground power Advanced industrial Heavy duty 

---

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

---