Automotive function

The validation of a PLC cannot be viewed as a stand-alone operation. PLCs are there for a purpose — to provide automotive functionality. A project Validation Master Plan that details what other validation (equipment qualification, validation of other automated systems) is required. An overall project plan timetable must be in place in order to ensure, e.g., that validation of the PLC does not adversely delay the qualification of important equipment. Where the PLC is to communicate with another PLC embedded into an item of equipment, the link as well as the validated, as well as the individual PLCs, but the link cannot be validated until the software processing the information from the particular I/O point is validated. The deflnition of the boundaries of each validation prevents unnecessary duplication. For PLCs, it is best to use the I/O cards as the boundary. A final check from HMI to the device can then be performed to ensure the system works in its entirety. 

Automotive functions that support the heat engine, such as cold crank (a 300 ms — 30 s burst of high power to start the engine) and engine controls. 

ISA Integrated Starter Alternator (sometimes referred to as Integrated Starter Generator - ISG), which provides up to 12 kW of boost power, automotive functions, and accessory loads that allow the engine to stop when the vehicle stops. 

Azianti, I. Won, J. 2013. Research Trends in Automotive Functional Safety, 2013 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety EngineeringQR2MSE Proc. intern, conf, Emeishan, Sichuan, China, 15-18 July 2013. IEEE. 

Habli et al. [19] propose a process for model-based assurance for justifying automotive functional safety. They use SysML and GSN as graphical notations. Their goal and ours is similar. We both want to support a method based on ISO 26262 to derive functional safety requirements. In contrast to their work, we use UML, which gives us a broader spectrum of modeling possibilities. Furthermore, we provide tool support for our method and equipped our approach with formal consistency checks on the model. These checks can be automatically checked by our tool. In addition, our way of modeling allows us to trace elements within our models. 

HabU, I., Ibarra, I., Rivett, R., Kelly, T. Model-Based Assurance for Justifying Automotive Functional Safety. In SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0209 (2010)... 

This device is the successor of the MB86R11 and another member of the SoC family. Higher performance, a clock rate of 533 MHz instead of 400 MHz, an extended temperature range specifically for automotive applications and additional automotive functions including APIX interfaces (3 transmitters and 1 receiver) by the company Inova Semiconductors GmbH are characteristics of the MB86R12. 

Nylon family These are polyamides resulting fi-om the condensation reaction of an amine funetion and an acid function. As a family, they are tough and hard. They are resistant to many liquids and have low coefficients of thermal expansion. They ean be reinforced with glass fibers, carbon, and minerals. Applications include molded parts for electrieal power transmission, molded parts for a wide range of automotive functions, pulleys, bearings and items which need good abrasion resistance and toughness. 

Pentafiuoropyridine—hexafiuorobenzene working fiuids show the requisite stabiUty at 382°C for automotive Rankiae-cycle power units (427). Hydroxyl and related functions ia steroids can be selectively protected as tetrafiuoro-4-pyridyl ethers by pentafiuoropyridine (428). 

The Optimum level of gasoline octane is a complex function of a number of factors involving the customer as well as the automotive and petroleum... 

Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates are the primary oxidation inhibitors in combining these functions with antiwear properties in automotive oils and high pressure hydrauhc fluids. Their production volume is followed by aromatic amines, sulfurized olefins, and phenols (22). 

Hydroxy functional methacrylates ate used in automotive coatings, dental resins, contact lenses (qv) and a variety of other appHcations (64). 

Nitrocellulose based lacquers often contain short or medium oil alkyds to improve flexibiUty and adhesion. The most commonly used are short oil non drying alkyds. Amino resins or urethane resins with residual isocyanate functional groups may be added to cross-link the coating film for improved solvent and chemical resistance. The principal appHcations are furniture coatings, top lacquer for printed paper, and automotive refinishing primers. 

Two more recent appHcations for amorphous siHcas are expected to grow to large volumes. Precipitated siHcas are used ia the manufacture of separator sheets placed between cells ia automotive batteries. Their function is to provide a controlled path for the migration of conductive ions as a result of the porosity of the siHca particles. Additionally, both precipitated siHcas and aerogels are being developed for use ia low temperature iasulation, where the low thermal conductivity of the dry siHca powders makes them useful ia consumer products such as refrigerators (83). 

Hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of castor oil must be carried out at relatively low temperature and pressures to preserve the hydroxy group, functional in the preparation of 12-hydroxystearic acid [106-14-9], C gH O, used for the manufacture of automotive and multipurpose greases (see... 

Butyl-type polymers exhibit high damping, and the viscous part of the dynamic modulus is uniquely broad as a function of frequency or temperature. Molded mbber parts for damping and shock absorption find wide appHcation in automotive suspension bumpers, auto exhaust hangers, and body mounts. 

There are also a number of nonaerospace civiHan appHcations for this material. Small diaphragms have found limited use in automotive and related appHcations. These are used because of the material s exceUent fatigue life and hydrocarbon resistance. A compound containing methacrylates functions as a soft liner for dentures (16), providing extended life, shock isolation, and resistance to microbial attack. 

C. D. Tyree, Emission Eevel in Catalyst Temperature as a Function of Ignition-Induced Misfire, SAE 920298, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1992. 

Programmable Logic Controllers The programmable logic controller (PLC) originated as a solid-state replacement for the hardwired relay control panel and was first used in the automotive indus-tiy for discrete manufacturing control. Today, PLCs are used to implement Boolean logic functions, timers, counters, and some math functions and PID control. PLCs are often used with on/off process control valves. 

The drive for these additional requirements has come not from the suppliers but from users, such as the automotive, utilities, telecommunications, software, and aerospace industries which purchase millions of products and services used to produce the goods and services they provide to the consumer. Rather than invoke customer-specific conditions in each contract, the larger purchasers perceive real benefits from agreeing common quality system requirements for their industry sector. Quite often a supplier will be supplying more than one customer in a particular sector and hence costs increase for both the supplier and the customer if the supplier has to meet different requirements that serve the same objective. All customers desire products and services that consistently/ meet their requirements. While the physical and functional requirements for the product or service will differ, the requirements governing the manner in which their quality is to be achieved, controlled, and assured need not differ. Differences in quality system requirements may arise between industry sectors where the technology, complexity, and risks are different. 

Automotive air conditioning systems provide simple heating and cooling/dehuniidification functions. There is no provision for filtration of the air. All current automotive air conditioning utilizes vapor-compression refrigeration systems coupled to the automobile s engine. 

Design features in the engine and transmission can effect seemingly subtle changes to the shape of the power available cui ve that are important to vehicle drivability. Automotive engineers normally address this issue in terms of available torque, rather than power, as a function of speed. Torque, of course, is... 

In considering exposure tests, whether in the form of laboratory, field or service tests it is important to consider the purpose of the test and the relevance of the data to the anti-corrosion function of the coating. Thus, in the case of paint coatings, factors such as gloss deterioration, chalking and colour retention are of considerable importance in some industries, for example the automotive industry, but perhaps of minor importance in the painting of structural steelwork. These assessment factors can nevertheless be of significance since they may be the precursors of corrosion of the basis metal. 

Collins JM. 1993. Automotive trends. In Shubkin RL, ed. Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 493-508. 

---