Objects sameness

Outlet Superheater (SHI header of Unit 4 (600 MW. supercritical multi-fliel l of an ENEL power station it also consists of 2 twin and independent bodies (23 m length, 215 mm internal diameter, 103 mm thickness material ASTM A335 P22 - 2.25CrlMo - low alloy). Structural integrity problems and monitoring requirements and objectives same as above. 

Two cases (a) two ohjectives same as above, and (b) two objectives same as above and minimization of compression power. Agrawal el al. (2007)... 

The challenge for Campbell, then, is to make premises (i) and (2) simultaneously plausible. He must secure both transitions in the sequence sameness of object sameness of phenomenal character sameness manifest... 

In Figure 9.2 are laid down the relationships between energy subvarieties in the frame of one energy variety only. The two passages for energy implying dipoles are conversion, when subvarieties differ and with evolution involved, and exchange between identical objects (same subvariety) and withont evolution. 

Equations (7-8) and (7-9) are then used to calculate the compositions, which are normalized and used in the thermodynamic subroutines to find new equilibrium ratios,. These values are then used in the next Newton-Raphson iteration. The iterative process continues until the magnitude of the objective function 1g is less than a convergence criterion, e. If initial estimates of x, y, and a are not provided externally (for instance from previous calculations of the same separation under slightly different conditions), they are taken to be... 

Because of their diversity and complexity as well as the gradual internationalization of the different standards, it has proven necessary to standardize the methods of sample preservation, handling, fractionation, and analysis throughout the chain of separation and treatment. All these stages are the object of precise protocols established by official national and international organizations. They describe in as minute detail as possible the procedures employed not only for each analysis but very often giving different procedures for the same analysis in different matrices. These are the standards or standardized methods discussed in Chapter 7. 

A number of real objects with artificially made disbonds were tested using the Fokker Bond Tester and spectra were stored in a PC for the classification. One of the objects, "Lower wing skin is shown in Figure 4. As can be seen, the positions and sizes of flaws are marked. The same marks were also drawn on the actual objects to facilitate measurements. 

The classical computer tomography (CT), including the medical one, has already been demonstrated its efficiency in many practical applications. At the same time, the request of the all-round survey of the object, which is usually unattainable, makes it important to find alternative approaches with less rigid restrictions to the number of projections and accessible views for observation. In the last time, it was understood that one effective way to withstand the extreme lack of data is to introduce a priori knowledge based upon classical inverse theory (including Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)) of the solution of ill-posed problems [1-6]. As shown in [6] for objects with binary structure, the necessary number of projections to get the quality of image restoration compared to that of CT using multistep reconstruction (MSR) method did not exceed seven and eould be reduced even further. 

Measuring surface crack depth is performed by calibration samples made of the same material like the object being tested. Calibration samples are the plates having narrow grooves like slits of various depth 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm, 4.0 mm, 5.0 mm and made by electric erosion method. The samples have dimensions 50 mm X 150 mm x 6 mm and 25 mmx 150 mm x 6 mm and are made of magnetic... 

An X-ray image of a test object is converted by a X-ray TV unit (4), and complete video-signal from it is supplied to specialized computer (5). For conversion of X-ray images series X-ray vidicons LI-444 and LI-473 can be used or experimental X-ray vidicons of the same dimensions with a Be input window [2] sensitive to soft X-radiation developed in Introscopy Institute. >. ... 

In figure 8(a) the top of the cap wasn t reconstructed well enough due to the same reasoning as in object no. 1. A similar deficiency is caused by a non sufficient number of exposure angles. Figure 8(b) shows the horizontal edge of the caps bottom. In Fig. 8(c) the side of the vial is clearly seen, yet with the reconstruction distortion pointed out for object 1. Figure 9... 

To describe the X-ray imaging system the projection of 3D object points onto the 2D image plane, and nonlinear distortions inherent in the image detector system have to, be modelled. A parametric camera model based on a simple pinhole model to describe the projection in combination with a polynomal model of the nonlinear distortions is used to describe the X-ray imaging system. The parameters of the model are estimated using a two step approach. First the distortion parameters for fixed source and detector positions are calculated without any knowledge of the projection parameters. In a second step, the projection parameters are calculated for each image taken with the same source and detector positions but with different sample positions. 

At the same time advisability of designing the instrument taken into consideration cracks length 1 and object thickness T and of defining the instrument application sphere can be only determined after research work. 

For applications on indications it is assumed that the visibility level VL of rectangular objects (indications) is the same as for circles with the same area. The lenght 1 and width w of indications are correlated in very different manners, mainly dependant on the geometrie of the inhomogenity (crack). From some observations, the following correlation between w and 1 was introduced w (mm) = 0.05 + 0.03 1 (e g. 1=1.5 mm, w a 0.1 mm). For the same areas, the length 1 of the indication can be introduced in Fig. 1 as a second scale. 

Once adopted, these projects will replace the national standardisation texts concerning the same object. 

With the reference block method the distance law of a model reflector is established experimentally prior to each ultrasonic test. The reference reflectors, mostly bore holes, are drilled into the reference block at different distances, e.g. ASME block. Prior to the test, the reference reflectors are scanned, and their maximised echo amplitudes are marked on the screen of the flaw detector. Finally all amplitude points are connected by a curve. This Distance Amplitude Curve (DAC) serves as the registration level and exactly shows the amplitude-over-distance behaviour" of the reference reflector for the probe in use. Also the individual characteristics of the material are automatically considered. However, this curve may only be applied for defect evaluation, in case the reference block and the test object are made of the same material and have undergone the same heat treatment. As with the DGS-Method, the value of any defect evaluation does not consider the shape and orientation of the defect. The reference block method is safe and easy to apply, and the operator need not to have a deep understanding about the theory of distance laws. 

The system also consists of a LCD-screen located nere the object to be scanned. This screen is a slave to the one on the acqusition computer and consequently shows the same image. The purpose of this screen is to help the scanner technician to acheive a full coverage of the area to be scanned. 

In general, a point group synnnetry operation is defined as a rotation or reflection of a macroscopic object such that, after the operation has been carried out, the object looks the same as it did originally. The macroscopic objects we consider here are models of molecules in their equilibrium configuration we could also consider idealized objects such as cubes, pyramids, spheres, cones, tetraliedra etc. in order to define the various possible point groups. 

Diffraction is the deflection of beams of radiation due to interference of waves that interact with objects whose size is of the same order of magnitude as the wavelengths. Molecules and solids typically have... 

Fig. 4. In NAMD 2 forces are calculated not by force objects owned by individual patches, but rather by independent compute objects which depend on one or more patches for atomic coordinates. As suggested by shading in this illustration, a compute object need not reside on the same node as the patches upon which it depends.

Fig. 5. Compute objects requiring off-node patches do not engage in off-node communication but rather interact with local proxy patches. When force evaluations are required the home patch sends positions messages (p) to its proxies and receives force messages (f) containing the results of off-node calculations. The proxy patch in this illustration exists on the same node as the compute object but represents the off-node home patch with which it communicates.

Load balancing can then be achieved in NAMD 2 by moving compute objects and patches between nodes. But what if a compute object and a patch it depends on are on different nodes Compute objects individually communicating with off-node patches would generate a huge amount of redundant communication. Therefore, patches are represented on other nodes by proxy patches, which implement the same interface as home patches for dealing with compute objects and handling dependencies but receive coordinates from and... 

The two main ways of data pre-processing are mean-centering and scaling. Mean-centering is a procedure by which one computes the means for each column (variable), and then subtracts them from each element of the column. One can do the same with the rows (i.e., for each object). ScaUng is a a slightly more sophisticated procedure. Let us consider unit-variance scaling. First we calculate the standard deviation of each column, and then we divide each element of the column by the deviation. 

Whatever the criterion is, we may have the following two extreme situations. The first one occurs when all the objects fall into the same subset (such subsets are known in discrete algebra as classes of equivalence). The second is when each subset contains one, and only one, object. 

The characteristic of a relational database model is the organization of data in different tables that have relationships with each other. A table is a two-dimensional consti uction of rows and columns. All the entries in one column have an equivalent meaning (c.g., name, molecular weight, etc. and represent a particular attribute of the objects (records) of the table (file) (Figure 5-9). The sequence of rows and columns in the tabic is irrelevant. Different tables (e.g., different objects with different attributes) in the same database can be related through at least one common attribute. Thus, it is possible to relate objects within tables indirectly by using a key. The range of values of an attribute is called the domain, which is defined by constraints. Schemas define and store the metadata of the database and the tables. 

Increasing the fuzziness of object description reduces the number of descriptors used and broadens the scope of a similarity search. At the same time, increasing fuzziness may reduce the discriminatory power of desaiptors to unacceptable levels. Therefore it is desirable to be able to control the degree of fuzziness of desaiptors. 

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