Attention, direction

This labeling requirement recognizes that the last line of defense in tampering is the consumer. The consumer must have his or her attention directed to the specific feature intended to indicate tampering. If the consumer is not aware of the feature, irrespective of its physical characteristics, the consumer remains unprotected. The three elements of tamper resistance are the label statement, the indicator/barrier, and the distinctive by design feature for the indicator/barrier. 

The increasing attention directed to the adverse effects of variation in sample preparation upon the quality of IHC staining of FFPE tissues has served to reinforce the importance of determining the optimal AR method for each antibody/detection system/antigen to achieve optimal retrieval and optimal staining of tissues that may have been processed and stored in different and unknown ways (see Chapter 5 for details). Practically, in considering... 

This enumeration should be useful for any beginner who will find his attention directed towards the most relevant parts of classical physical chemistry. 

In both Sections 2 and 3, terms that are frequently used in the literature in discussing the results of electronic structure calculations, are given in italics. It is hoped that, by having their attention directed to these terms, the reader will become familiar with them and will learn what each term means. 

The quaternization of simple quinolizidine and related alkaloids has attracted much attention, directed primarily at the stereochemistry of the reaction. Methylation of trans-quinolizidine (545) affords the ra-fused 5-methylquinolizidinium salt (546) its isomer (548) is available only by the cyclization of piperidine derivative (547) (51JA3681). 

As discussed, it is most appropriate to focus attention directly on the intermediate scattering function F(q, t), which is to be considered as the key random variable. If P[F(q, f)] is the normalized probability distribution of the functional F(q,t), then the modified MCT expression for friction takes the following form ... 

If you have had your attention directed to the novelties in thought in your own lifetime, you will have observed that almost all really new ideas have a certain aspect of foolishness when they are first produced. 

Many synthetic strategies that have been developed to prepare selenophenes involve modifications (S to Se) of the corresponding route to thiophenes. Given the significant amount of synthetic attention directed to thiophenes and a comparative lack of focus on selenophenes until recently, new syntheses of selenophenes continue to be reported. 

In this section we will examine the known routes of biosynthetic formation of cyclopropyl groups with attention directed to how the carbon-carbon bond is constructed. A major division is apparent at the outset between those cases where the cyclopropane is fashioned by skeletal rearrangement of the existing carbon framework from those cases where the apical CH2 moiety of a cyclopropyl group is introduced as an external one-carbon fragment from 5-adenosylmethionine via the addition to an olefinic precursor. 

Most studies involving Bacillus have been concerned with determining the macro constituent metals of the cells and spores with most of the attention directed towards establishing whether these metals are involved or required for sporulation. These studies have shown that the following metals are found in either the cells or spores calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, iron, aluminum, copper, and zinc (5). 

In this work, cytotoxic effects were evaluated with the following cultured tumor cell lines P-388 (suspension culture of a lymphoid neoplasm from a DBA/2 mouse), A-549 (monolayer culture of a human lung carcinoma), HT-29 (monolayer culture of a human colon carcinoma) and MEL-28 (monolayer culture of a human melanoma). Potent and selective activity against P-388 cells was observed for most of the compounds investigated, with special attention directed to 1,3, 4, 12, 14, and 20. These results established the fact that small chemical changes in molecular structure can greatly affect cytotoxicity. 

Though experimentally verified already in 1964 by Singh and Bradley [128], three-photon absorption (3PA) is far less examined than the two-photon absorption (TPA) analog. However, the increased attention directed toward non-linear optical... 

Finally, the current work provides bacteria-sensitive lethal mutations that point out pest control possibilities. Since bsl mutants die when injected with bacteria, they focus our attention directly on the immune steps at which the insect is particularly vulnerable. In future work we need to identify the cellular and molecular processes that are blocked by these mutations. If we could learn to artificially interfere with an immune step that is blocked by a bsl, then an effective insecticide might be developed. Because of the demonstrated similarities in the antibacterial immune systems of Drosophila melanoqaster and fruit fly pests, it is hoped that such methods would lead to crop protection. 

It seems appropriate to add some brief comments on birds since it was the attention directed to the effect of agrochemicals on these which effectively mobilized public awareness of the environmental hazard of chemicals. Apart from the adverse effects of toxicants on birds, they may also play an important role in the dissemination of xenobiotics and their metabolites produced by endogenous metabolism. Although birds may possess lower levels of microsomal monooxygenase enzymes which are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics than fish (Walker 1983 Ade et al. 1984), like mammals they seem to have phenobarbital-inducible systems that mediate the metabolism of important PCB congeners (Buhler and Williams 1988). 

Although the papers in this volume do not represent an exhaustive review of the petrochemical refinery concept, they do offer for the first time a status report on the general subject. Former publications have directed themselves to some specific phase, usually economic or engineering, with little attention directed to their interface with chemistry and process development. Hopefully, the papers presented here will offer a starting point for continuing development of a fascinating and most important subject on an integrated basis. 

The quaternization of simple quinolizidines and related alkaloids has attracted much attention, directed primarily at the stereochemistry of the reaction. Methylation of rro/u-quinolizidine affords... 

A peak in accurate trace element analysis appears to have been reached in the early 1970 s. There are three reasons for this. Firstly, the number of standard samples in circulation was small, with attention directed upon the six United States Geological Survey (USGS) standards (peridotite PCC-1, dunite DTS-1, basalt BCR-1, andesite AGV-1, granodiorite GSP-1 and granite G-2) which supplemented G-1 and W-1. Secondly, many new methods of analysis were being introduced, so that careful interlaboratory calibration was important to demonstrate the reliability of the new techniques. Thirdly, the arrival of the lunar samples placed a premium on high quality analyses of this unique material, access to the samples being denied to laboratories whose data were shown to be in error. The situation since that time has deteriorated, and the quality of many published trace element determinations appears to be little better than in the 1960 s. 

Given the confusion that these conventions have caused, there has been much attention directed at obtaining a unified system. Recently, lUPAC recommended... 

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