Polymer asphalt

Many physical and chemical properties of substances have been determined by GC. Characterization of complex materials such as asphalts, polymers, and catalysts have been performed. Carbon number and the placement of hydroxyl groups in alcohols as well as vapor pressures of numerous compounds (Table 11.5) have been determined by GC. 

Bitumen modifiers can be synthetic polymers, natural rubber (latex) and some chemical additives such as sulfur and certain organo-metallic compounds. Fibres and fillers (inorganic powders) are not considered to be bitumen modifiers. Table 3.16 gives some typical bitumen modifiers, as well as significant improvements to asphalts. Polymers are the most common type of bitumen modifiers, with thermoplastic elastomers being the most popular polymer. 

Thanks to all these properties, the dolocarbonate seems promising for different applications, first of all for all the applications of traditional low density mineral fillers. This material could for instance be used as a component in thermal insulating materials like panels or foams, as a filler in mortars or plasters or concretes to decrease their thermal conductivity, as a filler in polymer or rubber compositions to improve their fire and/or mechanical properties, as a filler in paints, papers, cosmetic compositions, as a rheology modifier (viscosifying agent) in mineral slurries, glues, bitumen or asphalts, polymer compositions, as an ad- or absorbant in different applications such as water or flue gas treatment or even in the field of catalysis, as e.g. a catalyst support, or as a carrier for perfumes, aromas, active substances, medicines... 

Modification of PE by chlorination is a simple technique to change the polarity, to reduce the crystallinity, and to increase the elasticity of the polymer. Partially chlorinated polyolefin waxes were reported to improve stability of asphalt-polymer blends [20, 21], so we elected to prepare and characterize polyethylenes with various degrees of chlorination to improve the polymer Interaction with polar components of asphalt. The extent of chlorination can be used to vary the crystallinity of the polymer additive. The crystalline domains of polyolefins contribute to high temperature reinforcement while their amorphous domains, which exhibit very low glass transition temperatures, contribute additional toughness and ductility at low temperatures to PO/asphalt blends, particularly those prepared from soft asphalts. 

The macrostructure of the asphalt polymer mixtures was examined using epifluorescence microscopy. Our observations confirm previous reports [6, 22, 23] that there are basically two phases existent in asphalt-polymer blends, a continuous asphalt rich phase and a polymer rich phase. The dispersed polymer rich phases are expected to improve the toughness of brittle asphalt at low temperatures and reinforce asphalt at high temperatures [24, 25]. The high temperature enhancement will be more pronounced if the polymer can form a network-like structure, i.e. the polymer concentration exceeds the overlap concentration, c [6]. The CPE rich... 

B. Brule, Y. Brion, A. Tanguy, Paving Asphalt Polymer Blends Relationships Between Composition, Structure and Properties, J. Asphalt Paving Technol. 1988,... 

Shale oil asphalt also meets or exceeds the performance of the improved, but more costiy, polymer-based asphalt. Since 1989, more than 8 km (5 mi) of test strips of SOMAT have been placed on various roadways in seven U.S. states. The SOMAT has demonstrated marked improvement over... 

A number of synthetic polymers having the abHity to control filtration rates at high temperature and in the presence of calcium and magnesium have also been developed (88). Such materials include vinyl sulfonate—vinyl amide copolymers (89,90), a copolymer of AMPS and A/,A/-dialkyl (meth) acrylamide (91) and a sulfonated hydroxylated polymer (92). AppHcation levels for these materials range from 5 to 18 kg/m (2—6 lb /bbl). Sulfonated asphalt is also used for high temperature filtration control. 

Polymeric Ma.teria.Is, The single-ply membranes are made from a wide variety of polymers. The following is a brief description of those polymers and their characteristics. There are three thermosetting-type elastomeric membranes as of this writing (1996) neoprene, CSPE, and EPDM. Neoprene is stiU used where oil resistance is needed. Eor instance. Hydrotech uses neoprene flashings, the base of which is hot-set in mbberized asphalt (see ElASTOL RS, SYNTHETIC-POLYCm.OROPRENE). 

Admixtures are sometimes used to reduce permeabiUty of concrete (80—82). These iaclude pore-filling materials such as chalk. Fuller s earth, or talc water repellents such as mineral oil, asphalt, or wax emulsions organic polymers (acryflc latexes, epoxies) and salts of fatty acids, especially stearates. 

Air-blown asphalts, more resistant to weather and changes ia temperature than the types mentioned previously are produced by batch and continuous methods. Air-blown asphalts, of diverse viscosities and flow properties with added fillers, polymers, solvents, and ia water emulsions, provide products for many appHcations ia the roofing industry. 

A variety of materials has been proposed to modify the properties of asphaltic binders to enhance the properties of the mix (112), including fillers and fibers to reinforce the asphalt—aggregate mixture (114), sulfur to strengthen or harden the binder (115,116), polymers (98,117—121), mbber (122), epoxy—resin composites (123), antistripping agents (124), metal complexes (125,126), and lime (127,128). AH of these additives serve to improve the properties of the binder and, ultimately, the properties of the asphalt—aggregate mix. 

This article discusses traditional hull ding and construction products, ie, not made from synthetic polymers (see Building materials, plastic), including wood, asphalt, gypsum, glass products, Pordand cement, and bricks. The article presents information about each basic material, the products made from it, the basic processes by which the products or materials are produced, estimates of the quantity or doUar value of the quantities produced or used in the United States, and some pertinent chemical or physical properties related to the material. More detailed chemical and physical property data can be found in articles devoted to the individual materials (see Asphalt Cement Glass Wood). 

Modified Bitumen Membranes. These membranes were developed in Europe during the late 1950s and have been used in the United States since the late 1970s. There are two basic types of modified asphalts and two types of reinforcement used in the membranes. The two polymeric modifiers used are atactic polypropylene (APP) and styrene—butadiene—styrene (SBS). APP is a thermoplastic polymer, whereas SBS is an elastomer (see Elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers). These modified asphalts have very different physical properties that affect the reinforcements used. 

Copolymer technology is progressing along two "fronts." First, new appHcations for copolymers are being found to increase the volume of materials that are already commercially available. One example of this is the rapid growth of styrenic block copolymers sold as asphalt (qv) and polymer modifiers over the past 10 years (Fig. 7). Another is the increased interest in graft and block copolymers as compatihilizers for polymer blends and alloys. Of particular interest are compatihilizers for recycled polymer scrap. 

Blends with styrenic block copolymers improve the flexibiUty of bitumens and asphalts. The block copolymer content of these blends is usually less than 20% even as Httie as 3% can make significant differences to the properties of asphalt (qv). The block copolymers make the products more flexible, especially at low temperatures, and increase their softening point. They generally decrease the penetration and reduce the tendency to flow at high service temperatures and they also increase the stiffness, tensile strength, ductility, and elastic recovery of the final products. Melt viscosities at processing temperatures remain relatively low so the materials are still easy to apply. As the polymer concentration is increased to about 5%, an interconnected polymer network is formed. At this point the nature of the mixture changes from an asphalt modified by a polymer to a polymer extended with an asphalt. 

J. L. Goodrich, "Asphalt and Polymer-Modified Asphalt Properties Related to the Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixes," Msphalt Paving... 

Concrete is a particulate composite of stone and sand, held together by an adhesive. The adhesive is usually a cement paste (used also as an adhesive to join bricks or stones), but asphalt or even polymers can be used to give special concretes. In this chapter we examine three cement pastes the primitive pozzolana the widespread Portland cement and the newer, and somewhat discredited, high-alumina cement. And we consider the properties of the principal cement-based composite, concrete. The chemistry will be unfamiliar, but it is not difficult. The properties are exactly those expected of a ceramic containing a high density of flaws. 

For many years atactic polypropylene was an unwanted by-product but today it finds use in a number of markets and is specially made for these purposes rather than being a by-product. In Europe the main use has been in conjuction with bitumen as coating compounds for roofing materials, for sealing strips where it confers improved aging properties and in road construction where it improves the stability of asphalt surfaces. Less important in Europe but more important in USA is its use for paper laminating for which low-viscosity polymers are used, often in conjunction with other resins. Limestone/atactic... 

S-B-S, S-I-S and S-EB-S polymers are widely used in adhesive, sealing and coating formulations as well as being important additives to many asphalt formulations. 

Most conventional chemical and petrochemical plants do not process many, if any, non-Newtonian fluids. However, polymers, grease, hea y oils, cellulose compounds, paints, fine chalk suspensions in water, some asphalts, and other materials do exhibit one type or another of the characteristics of non-Newtonians, classified as ... 

Schutt reported that the coke breeze specification and conditions in which the mix is prepared are important factors in determining the optimum operation of the conductive cement mix, whilst further details on the coke breeze asphalt mix composition are given by AndersonConductive concrete mixes, with a polymer binder have also been developed as an anode system specifically for reinforced concrete cathodic protection systems . 

Lewandowski, L.H., Polymer modification of paving asphalt binders. Rubber Chem. Technol., 67, 447, 1994. 

Contain less than 3%-6% v-v solids Most contain organic polymer Oil in water and water in oil (reversed phase, with more than 5% water) Contain less than 5% water mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt... 

An additive described as reducing the water loss and enhancing other properties of well-treating fluids in high-temperature subterranean environments consists of polymers or copolymers from N-vinyl lactam monomers or vinyl-containing sulfonate monomers. Organic compounds like lignites, tannins, and asphaltic materials are added as dispersants [175]. 

The techniques of paraffin removal and paraffin prevention have been reviewed [810]. In particular, inhibitors for paraffin deposits are copolymers of ethylene with vinylacetate [525-527,1597] or polymers from p-nonylphenyl methacrylate and p-dodecylphenyl methacrylate [773]. These materials lower the pour point of the oil. It has been shown that for oils which differ in the content of n-paraffins and asphalt-resinous substances, it is necessary to use blends of copolymers of different compositions and molecular weights to obtain optimal efficiency. Polyacrylamide and wastes from the production of glycerol with a concentration of 400 mg/liter of oil have also been claimed to be effective as paraffin inhibitors [536]. 

Polymer-modified asphalt is a cold-applied liquid waterproofing system. As with the Sonneborn system mentioned above, the quality of the installation depends on the applicator (it is difficult to achieve an even coating on a vertical surface). High-grade polymer-modified asphalt is superior to coal tar-modified polyurethane in elasticity, crack-spanning ability, and resealability, but inferior in its resistance to chemicals. 

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