Subterranean environments

An additive described as reducing the water loss and enhancing other properties of well-treating fluids in high-temperature subterranean environments consists of polymers or copolymers from N-vinyl lactam monomers or vinyl-containing sulfonate monomers. Organic compounds like lignites, tannins, and asphaltic materials are added as dispersants [175]. 

Ferris, F.G. Hallberg, R.O. Lyven, B. Pedersen, K (2000) Retention of strontium, cesium, lead and uranium by bacterial iron oxides from a subterranean environment. Appl. Geochem. 15 1035-1042... 

A continuum of subterranean environments exists, ranging from very hard rocks such as granites and basalts, through sedimentary rocks and sandstones, to as yet unconsolidated, fairly soft sediments. Two main subterranean rock environments can be defined hard rocks - those too hard and impermeable to allow microbes to pass, except via fractures, and... 

Fossil remains of a deep subsurface biosphere are unequivocal traces of former deep life, as contamination via drilling or mining procedures can be excluded. However, traces of fossilized eukaryotic life in deep subterranean environments are extremely rare (Schumann et al., 2004). There are fossil representatives of all known domains of life, and while fossilized fungi do exist, they are exceptionally rare. The standard paleo-botanical literature refers to the lack of fossil records of fungi (Pia, 1927 Gothan Weyland, 1964 Pirozynski, 1976). 

Mole-rats are well-adapted to life underground. Their eyes are much reduced, as is the visual center in the brain, suggesting that sight does not play much of a role in their dark, subterranean environment, hi fact, it is not clear whether some mole-rat species can perceive light at... 

The latter condition is related to microbial competition and may be unique to peanuts, since they develop in a subterranean environment. 

The polyelectrolytes investigated in the present study are a poly(acrylic acid) of molecular weight(wt. avg.) 15,000, and a poly(vinylsulfonic acid) of molecular weight(wt. avg.) 18,cl00. The conditions used in these experiments are relevant to those encountered in the subterranean environment of the North Sea (UK) where BaS04 scale is a problem. Solution conditions include high ionic strength brines of IM NaCl, low solution pH of 4, and low polyelectrolyte scale inhibitor concentrations. 

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