Aromatic hydrocarbons from water

Voznakova, Z., Popl, M., Berka, M. (1978) Recovery of aromatic hydrocarbons from water. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 16, 123-127. 

Walters, R.W., Luthy, R.G. (1984) Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18(6), 395-403. 

Neff, J.M. 1982a. Accumulation and release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water, food, and sediment by marine animals. Pages 282-320 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

It is to this topic of solute preferential sorption in reverse osmosis that this paper is dedicated. Specifically, this discussion will involve a description of solute preferential sorption, an overview of the literature in the area, and finally a presentation of some recent work on the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from water. The significance of this work is at least two-fold. From a practical point of view the classes of solutes which demonstrate preferential attraction to the membrane material tend to be organic compounds and the removal and recovery of these solutes from water is environmentally and economically important. From a theoretical point of view an understanding of the phenomena involved is essential to the achievement of a fundamental description of the RO process. Although this paper deals solely with aqueous solutions and cellulose acetate membranes, it Is important to recognize that the concepts discussed can be extended to Include other membrane materials and non-aqueous systems. 

Example 8.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction of various Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Water... 

Figure 8.4 Results obtained from the liquid-liquid extraction of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water 1, naphthalene 2, acenaphthylene 3, acenaphthene 4, fluorene 5, phenanthrene 6, anthracene 7, fluoranthene 8, pyrene [1] (cf. DQ 8.4).

Viana M, Chi X, Maenhaut W, Querol X, Alastuey A, Mikuska P, Vecefa Z (2006) Organic and elemental carbon concentrations in carbonaceous aerosols during summer and winter sampling campaigns in Barcelona, Spain. Atmos Environ 40 2180-2193 Walters RW, Luthy RG (1984) Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon. Environ Sci Technol 18 395 03... 

The preparation of p CD copolymers with carbon nanotubes is described in the aspect of their application for removal of p-nitrophenol and trichloroethylene from water. It was pointed out that ceramic membranes impregnated with crosslinked silylated CD polymers are promising for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water. In recent years the importance of imprinted CD polymers is growing as an example of their application the recognition of oligopeptide structures is presented. 

Helmstetter, M.F., Alden III, R.W. (1994) Release rates of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from natural sediments and their relationship to solubility and octanol-water partitioning. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26, 282-291. 

Leoni [366] observed that in the extraction preconcentration of organochlo-rine insecticides and PCB s from surface and coastal waters in the presence of other pollutants such as oil, surface active substances, etc., the results obtained with an absorption column of Tenax-Celite are equivalent to those obtained with the continuous liquid-liquid extraction technique. For non-saline waters that contain solids in suspension that absorb pesticides, it may be necessary to filter the water before extraction with Tenax and then to extract the suspended solids separately. Analyses of river and estuarine sea waters, filtered before extraction, showed the effectiveness of Tenax, and the extracts obtained for pesticide analysis prove to be much less contaminated by interfering substances than corresponding extracts obtained by the liquid-liquid technique. Leoni et al. [365] showed that for the extraction of organic micro pollutants such as pesticides and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons from waters, the recoveries of these substances from unpolluted waters (mineral and potable waters) when added at the level of 1 xg/l averaged 90%. 

Arosolvan A solvent extrachon process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum mixtures, using N-methyl pynolidone (NMP) containing 12 to 14 percent water at 20 to 40°C. Developed by Luigi, and first used commercially in Japan in 1961. 

Mofex A liquid-liquid extraction process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon mixtures. The solvent is a monomethylformamide/water mixture, operated at 20 to 30°C, 0.1 to 0.4 bar. Developed by Leuna-Werke. 

Source Schauer et al. (1999) reported naphthalene in diesel fuel at a concentration of 600 pg/g and in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 617 pg/km. Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 87 octane gasoline (0.24 mg/L), 94 octane gasoline (0.21 mg/L), Gasohol (0.29 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (0.60 mg/L), jet fuel A (0.34 mg/L), diesel fuel (0.25 mg/L), military jet fuel JP-4 (0.18 mg/L) (Potter, 1996), and used motor oil (116 to 117 pg/L) (Chen et al, 1994). Lee et al. (1992) investigated the partitioning of aromatic hydrocarbons into water. They reported concentration ranges from 350 to 1,500 mg/L and 80 to 300 pg/L in diesel fuel and the corresponding aqueous phase (distilled water), respectively. Diesel fuel obtained from a service station in Schlieren, Switzerland contained 708 mg/L naphthalene (Schluep et al, 2001). 

Lee, L.S., Rao, P.S.C., and Okuda, I. Equilibrium partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar into water. Environ. Sci Technol, 26(11) 2110-2115, 1992a. 

Once reaching a water system, the components of a crude oil or a petroleum hydrocarbon are truly dissolved at a molecular level or apparently soluble at a colloidal level when droplets characterized by radii of tens to hundreds of microns are formed. The apparent solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from oil in an aquatic system is reported by Sterling et al. (2003), who consider that the colloidal concentration of a given hydrocarbon contaminant in aqueous phase, C, is described by the equation... 

Lee L, Agwall M, Delfino J, et al. 1992. Partitioning of Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons from diesel fuel into water. Environmental Science and Technology 26(11) 2104-2110. 

Lee, L. S., M. Hagwall, J. J. Delfino, and P. S. C. Rao, Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel fuel into water , Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 2104-2110 (1992a). 

Pressurised hot water extraction has been used to isolate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil [104,105]. Ramos et al. [106] reported an rapid (ten minutes) miniaturised pressurised liquid extraction method using only 100 pi solvent for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. 

Zhou, J.L., Maskaoui, K., 2003. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China. Environ. Pollut. 121(2), 269-281. 

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. Damage to skin DNA from sunlight is the most common cause of skin cancer. This causes mutations that result in formation of cancer cells and that suppress the immune responses that normally prevent replication of such cells. The class of chemicals most commonly associated with causing skin cancer are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sources such as coal tar. These can be metabolized to electrophilic substances that bind with DNA to initiate cancer (see Figures 7.3 and 8.3). Arsenic in drinking water has been established as a cause of precancerous lesions, called arsenical keratoses, and squamous cell carcinoma of skin. 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from urban runoff were found at elevated levels in nearshore sediment samples from Lake Pontchartrain. Concentrations decreased with distance from the New Orleans shoreline and approached background levels three to six miles offshore. Quantitative profiles for individual PAH isomers differed significantly between nearshore and offshore sediments. Similar trends were observed with chlorocarbons and lead, but concentrations of other heavy metals did not decrease with distance from the shoreline. Salt water Intrusion causes stratification over the southeastern portion of the Lake in the summer. This stratification contributes to and exacerbates bottom anoxic conditions during warm weather months. 

Palmira Arenaz-Laborda, M., Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil using hot water extraction coupled with solid phase microextraction , MSc Dissertation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK, 1998. 

Lindhardt B, Christensen TH. 1996. Volatisation of aromatic hydrocarbons from soil Part II, fluxes from coal tar contaminated soils residing below the soil surface. Water Air Soil Pollut 92 375-389. 

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