Induced aquation

Fig. 6. Approaches to minimising entrapment and impingement of fish and large aquatic invertebrates, eg, blue crabs, on trash screens at intakes, (a) An inlet pump house with vertical traveling screens mounted flush with a river shoreline to minimise obstmctions to animal movements (b) parallel flow to direct fish to a recovery chamber that returns to the water body (c) a velocity cap atop a vertical, offshore inlet induces a horizontal flow which fish avoid...

Kim, J. 1., Stumpe, R., and Klenze, R. Laser-induced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for the Speciation ofTransuranic Elements in Natural Aquatic Systems. 157,129-180 (1990). 

Responses of Aquatic Organisms. The interactions between aquatic organisms and the chemistry of their water habitats are extremely complex. If a species or a group of species increases or declines in numbers in response to acidification, then the biological structure of the entire water body is likely to be affected. Reactions of organisms to stress such as acidification can be termed a "dose-response" reaction (i.e. a certain dose of acidifying pollutant induces a certain response). 

Hirose A, Takagi A, Nishimura T, Ema M (2004) Review of reproductive and developmentai toxicity induced by organotins in aquatic organisms and experimentai animais. Organohalogen Compounds, 66 3042-3047. 

Filby, A.L., Thorpe, K.L., Maack, G. et al. (2007b). Gene expression profiles revealing the mechanisms of anti-androgen and estrogen-induced feminization in fish. Aquatic... 

Collectively, these examples illustrate the diversity of transformations of xenobiotics that are photochemically induced in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Photochemical reactions in the troposphere are extremely important in determining the fate and persistence of not only xenobiotics but also of naturally occurring compounds. A few illustrations are given as introduction ... 

Zepp RG, GL Baugham, PA Scholtzhauer (1981a) Comparison of photochemical behaviour of various humic substances in water. I. Sunlight induced reactions of aquatic pollutants photosensitized by humic substances. Chemo sphere 10 109-117. 

Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Dawson MA, WenzlofF DR. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in the winter flounder (Pseudoplumnectes amer-icanus). In Koeman JH, Strik JJ, editors, Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

No information was found on the transformation of diisopropyl methylphosphonate in the atmosphere. Based on the results of environmental fate studies of diisopropyl methylphosphonate in distilled water and natural water, photolysis (either direct or indirect) is not important in the transformation of diisopropyl methylphosphonate in aquatic systems (Spanggord et al. 1979). The ultraviolet and infrared laser-induced photodegradation of diisopropyl methylphosphonate in both the vapor or liquid phase has been demonstrated (Radziemski 1981). Light hydrocarbon gases were the principal decomposition products. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (C02), and water were also detected. 

Mishra, V.K., Upadhyaya, A.R., Pandey, S.K., and Tripathi, B.D., Heavy metal pollution induced due to coal mining effluent on surrounding aquatic ecosystem and its management through naturally occurring aquatic macrophytes, Bioresource Technology, 99 (5), 930-936, 2008. 

The evaluation of risk has underlined the possible adverse effects both on human health after the exposure to drinking water contaminated by landfill leachate and on small rodents and aquatic species at the hypothesized condition for humans, the estimated toxic effects of the raw leachate are mainly due to the levels of ammonia and cadmium and carcinogenic effects are induced by arsenic first and then by PCBs and PCDD/Fs while ecological potential risk is mainly attributable to the concentration of inorganic compounds, in particular ammonia for small rodents, cadmium, ammonia, and heavy metals for fishes. 

Alternatively, arene displacement can also be photo- rather than thermally-induced. In this respect, we studied the photoactivation of the dinuclear ruthenium-arene complex [ RuCl (rj6-indane) 2(p-2,3-dpp)]2+ (2,3-dpp, 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) (21). The thermal reactivity of this compound is limited to the stepwise double aquation (which shows biexponential kinetics), but irradiation of the sample results in photoinduced loss of the arene. This photoactivation pathway produces ruthenium species that are more active than their ruthenium-arene precursors (Fig. 18). At the same time, free indane fluoresces 40 times more strongly than bound indane, opening up possibilities to use the arene as a fluorescent marker for imaging purposes. The photoactivation pathway is different from those previously discussed for photoactivated Pt(IV) diazido complexes, as it involves photosubstitution rather than photoreduction. Importantly, the photoactivation mechanism is independent of oxygen (see Section II on photoactivatable platinum drugs) (83). 

Sublethal effects in birds are similar to those in other species and include growth retardation, anemia, renal effects, and testicular damage (Hammons et al. 1978 Di Giulio et al. 1984 Blus et al. 1993). However, harmful damage effects were observed at higher concentrations when compared to aquatic biota. For example, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed 75 mg Cd/kg diet developed bone marrow hypoplasia, anemia, and hypertrophy of both heart ventricles at 6 weeks (Richardson et al. 1974). In zinc-deficient diets, effects were especially pronounced and included all of the signs mentioned plus testicular hypoplasia. A similar pattern was evident in cadmium-stressed quail on an iron-deficient diet. In all tests, 1% ascorbic acid in the diet prevented cadmium-induced effects in Japanese quail (Richardson et al. 1974). In studies with Japanese quail at environmentally relevant concentrations of 10 pg Cd/kg B W daily (for 4 days, administered per os), absorbed cadmium was transported in blood in a form that enhanced deposition in the kidney less than 0.7% of the total administered dose was recovered from liver plus kidneys plus duodenum (Scheuhammer 1988). 

Calabrese, A., F.R Thurberg, M.A. Dawson, and D.R. Wenzloff. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Pages 15-21 in J.H. Koeman and J.J.T.W.A. Strik (eds.). Sublethal Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Aquatic Animals, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam. 

Belanger, S.E., J.L. Farris, D.S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1990. Validation of Corbiculafluminea growth reductions induced by copper in artificial streams and river systems. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47 904-914. 

Tributyltins and other organotins induce chromosomal aberrations in mammals, although this was not observed in tests with aquatic invertebrates (Dixon and Prosser 1986). Studies with isolated rat hepatoma cells, TBT, and PCB 126, show that TBT inhibits cytochrome P-4501A activity, and PCB 126 induces EROD activity. However, PCB-induced EROD activity was potentiated by coexposure to low noncytotoxic concentrations of TBT (Kannan et al. 1998b). Authors concluded that TBT does not interfere with Ah receptor binding and that potentiation of EROD activity and cytotoxicity as a result of coexposure to PCB 126 and TBT is significant because they coaccumulated in a variety of marine organisms. 

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