Applications waxes

For centuries, the honeycomb of bees, ie, beeswax, was the material commonly referred to as wax. Substances having typical wax characteristics have traditionally come from insects, eg, beeswax from vegetables, eg, camauba and from animal, eg, spermaceti, origins (1). Waxes from mineral and synthetic sources have been developed both as substitutes for waxes from traditional sources and for new applications. Waxes from minerals and synthetic sources now surpass waxes from traditional sources in tonnage and commercial importance. 

Ruhrchemie and I. G. Farbenindustrie Patent Applications (wax oxidation), New York,... 

Prominent Applications Wax Strippers, Spray Degreasers, Hard Surface Cleaners... 

The mechanical properties of waxes and solid paraffins are of considerable importance for most applications and numerous tests have been developed for characterizing the hardness, the brittleness, and resistance to rupture. 

Plenary 79. FI G M Edwards, e-mail address h.g.m.edwards bradford.ac.uk (NIR-FTRS). A review of recent applications of RS to archeology—characterizing ancient pigments, human skin, bone, ivories, teeth, resins, waxes and gums. Aging effects and dating possibilities. Emphasizes use of microscopic Raman. 

Supercritical fluid chromatography has found many applications in the analysis of polymers, fossil fuels, waxes, drugs, and food products. Its application in the analysis of triglycerides is shown in Figure 12.38. 

Rigid Applications. The use of the lead stabilizers is very limited in the United States but, they are stiU used in several rigid PVC appHcations in Europe and Asia. The highest use of lead stabilizers in rigid PVC is for pipe and conduit appHcations. Tribasic lead sulfate is the primary heat stabilizer with lead stearates included to provide lubrication. The lead products are typically fully formulated, usually including lubricants and pigments for pipe extmsion appHcations. These lead one-packs, when used at about 1.8—2.5 phr, provide all of the stabilizer and lubrication needed to process the polymer. A lead one-pack contains tribasic lead sulfate, dibasic lead stearate calcium stearate, polyethylene wax, paraffin wax, ester wax, and pigments. 

Paraffin wax vapor barriers are used in water rinse removers that can disperse the wax without coating the substrate. In soak tank applications, water is sometimes doated on top of an ad-solvent, neutral pH, nonwater rinse remover to prevent evaporation. Flotation devices that cover the exposed surface area may be used with other formulas. 

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (nmr). The nmr analysis has been used in the polymer industry for some time to measure properties such as amount and type of branching, polymerized ethylene oxide content, and hydroxyl content. The same techniques are applicable to waxes, and are used for both characterization and quality control. 

The applicable specifications for each type of wax are listed below. 

Applications. Transesterifications via alcoholysis play a significant role in industry as well as in laboratory and in analytical chemistry. The reaction can be used to reduce the boiling point of esters by exchanging a long-chain alcohol group with a short one, eg, methanol, in the analysis of fats, oils, and waxes. For more details see References 7 and 68. A few examples are given below. 

When diene rubbers are exposed to ozone under stressed conditions cracks develop which are perpendicular to the direction of stress. Whilst ozone must react with unstressed rubber no cracking occurs in such circumstances nor when such rubber is subsequently stressed after removal of the ozone environment. For many years such rubbers were protected by waxes which bloomed on to the surface of the rubber to form an impermeable film. This was satisfactory for static applications but where the rubber was operating under dynamic conditions the wax layer became broken and hence less effective. 

The composition of an epoxide moulding material will greatly depend on the specific application, and this has been discussed at length. ". The resin may be of the epoxide novolac type and there will also be present hardeners, fillers (such as silica), a silane coupling agent, pigment, flame retardant and a wax release agent. 

Today the most important applications are in surface coatings, including some use as French polish, as adhesives and cements, including valve capping and optical cements, for playing card finishes and for floor polishes. The material also continues to be used for hat stiffening and in the manufacture of sealing wax. 

In general, resins are compatible with a large number of materials (oils, plasticizers, polyethylene waxes, rubbers). Compatibility depends on resin type, molecular weight and its distribution, resin structure and configuration, and finally on application requirements. 

Case and carton sealing is a high volume application for hot melt adhesives. Typical formulas use 20-30% wax, 25-40% polymer, and 35-55% tackifier resin. The basic requirements for packaging adhesives will be described followed by formulating guidelines for specific market areas. The focus of this discussion will be on EVA and EnBA-based systems, which are the most common. 

Reducing the temperature by 75-100°F dramatieally improves the thermal stability of packaging adhesives, resulting in significant cost savings for equipment maintenance, as well as greater worker safety. Such adhesives became possible with the availability of low MW EVA base polymers (MI of 800 and above). They rely on low MW refined paraffin wax and a blend of resins chosen for the specific application [67,68]. 

The adhesives employed for in-line adhesive application are generally of two types (1) flexible, but non-pressure-sensitive adhesives based on blends of saturated stryenic block copolymers and wax and (2) pressure sensitives based... 

Rubber-based adhesives provide softness and good low temperature flexibility (see Table 8). These properties make them the primary choice for the hinge application, which are two thin glue beads applied to the sides of the book block adjacent to the spine. These adhesive beads allow the book to open with the cover and help to protect the spine glue from stresses. Hinge glues have low if any wax, and are pressure sensitive. When used for the spine application, rubber-based adhesives require a water-based emulsion primer due to their short open time and thus low penetration of paper substrates. 

Triacetin resistance is especially critical when filter tips are made in one location, stored, and then shipped to another location. For these operations, polyethylene-based adhesives are used because of their low polarity and therefore excellent resistance to triacetin. Where filter plugs are attached at the same location shortly after production, EVA-based adhesives are suitable and preferred. Both types of adhesives use low odor, clean tackifiers such as hydrogenated hydrocarbons or pure monomer resins (typically a-methylstyrene based). Rosin, rosin esters, and phenol-containing tackifiers are not acceptable. EVA-based adhesives use a higher level of wax (about 1 /3 of the formula) than polyethylene-based adhesives (5-20% wax) due to the lower crystallinity and slower set of EVA vs. PE. Application viscosities are 2000-5000 cP. 

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

Suitable organic solvents, such as ether, benzene, naphtha and the like, are more soluble than in water. This makes it possible to separate them from other substances which may accompany them in the water solution but which are not soluble in the solvents employed. Hence, one application of solvent extraction is the analytical determination of unsaponifiable oils and waxes in admixture with fatty material by submitting the mixture to vigorous saponification with alcoholic potash or, if necessary, sodium ethylate, and to dilute the product with water and extract with petroleum ether. The soaps remain in the aqueous solution while the unsaponifiable oils and waxes dissolved in the ether. The addition of a salt to an aqueous solution prior to extraction is sometimes practiced in some processes. In older processes, SOj is employed in the separation of aromatic and highly saturated hydrocarbons, taking advantage of the much greater solubility of the solubility of the aromatics and... 

Several applications involve the removal of large amounts of triglicerides, including the determination of wax esters in olive oil (39), sterols and other minor components in oils and fats (40, 41), PCBs in fish (42), lactones in food products (43, 44), pesticides (45), and mineral oil products in food (46,47). Grob et al. (47) studied the capacity of silica gel HPLC columns for retaining fats, and concluded that the capacity of such columns is proportional to their size, although the fractions of the volumes that are then transferred to the GC system grow proportionally with the column capacity. For these reasons, 2-3 mm i.d. LC columns are to be preferred for LC-GC applications. 

The heaviest products obtained directly from oil arc lubricants, waxes, asphalt, and coke. These products have both domestic and industrial uses. Lubricants, for example, are applied in the operation and maintenance of industrial equipment and machinery. Asphalt, because it is not reactive to chemicals in the environment, is a superb material of construction in the building of roads and in roofing. It is also used in the waterproofing of concrete, the manufacture of black paints, and as a material lor tire threads, battery housing, electrical insulation, and other applications. The heaviest of all the petroleum products, coke, is used extensively as a major component of industrial electrodes and as a commercial fuel. 

---