Applications cancer treatment

Note that application in the particular indications is usually restricted either to patients expressing the target (e.g. trastuzumab, cetuximab, lapatinib, imatinib) and/or after failure of prior therapies (e.g. cetuximab, erlotinib, lapatinib, sutinib, dasatinib). Furthermore, for cancer treatment most tyrosine kinase inhibitors are applied in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as fluorouracil, taxanes, platin-based regimens, anthracylines and irinotecan or radiotherapy. 

Despite the evidence for the cytotoxicity of CNTs, there are an increasing number of published studies that support the potential development of CNT-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration (e.g., neuronal substrates [143] and orthopedic materials [154—156]), cancer treatment [157], and drug/vaccine delivery systems [158, 159]. Most of these applications will involve the implantation and/or administration of such materials into patients as for any therapeutic or diagnostic agent used, the toxic potential of the CNTs must be evaluated in relation to their potential benefits [160]. For this reason, detailed investigations of the interactions between CNTs/CNT-based implants and various cell types have been carried out [154, 155, 161]. A comprehensive description of such results, however, is beyond the scope of this chapter. Extensive reviews on the biocompatibility of implantable CNT composite materials [21, 143, 162] and of CNT drug-delivery systems [162] are available. 

The most important application for singlet oxygen generators (SOGs), namely the anti-cancer treatment known as photodynamic therapy (PDT), is described elsewhere in this series (see Chapter 9.22). However, SOGs are also being evaluated in other areas, such as hard surface disinfectants, soaps and washing powders,73 and insecticides.74,75... 

In conclusion, CNTs can offer a promising new technology for the development of advanced cancer treatment applications. However, much more work is definitely needed and will surely appear in order to explore and carefully define the opportunities and limitations of CNTs as delivery systems of nucleic adds using in vivo models. 

Researchers can use computer programs to test the geometry of many molecular structures and determine their suitability for specific applications. For example, a specialized screen saver can check the shape of hypothetical molecules based on their suitability for cancer treatment. Anyone can upload the screen saver and use a computer s idle time... 

Finally these compounds may also present in the future some interest in the area of novel anti-tumor drugs, or in photochemotherapy [12], Up to now the mechanism of action of the Pt complexes as antineoplastic agents has been extensively examined [13]. In spite of their successful applications, there is a need in compounds that are less toxic than the Pt derivatives. Therefore novel photo-active metallic compounds could offer future possibilities for cancer treatment. The fact that a drug would become active exclusively under illumination might represent an advantage. 

Carter, W.H., Jr., and Wampler, G.L. (1986), Review of the Application of Response Surface Methodology in the Combination Therapy of Cancer, Cancer Treatment Reports, 70, 133-140. 

Another application of this chemistry is the asymmetric synthesis of the cyclopropane analog 25 of the breast cancer treatment agent tamoxifen 26 (Scheme 14.2) [53]. The Rh2(S-DOSP)4-catalyzed reaction of phenyldiazoacetate 3 with diarylethylene 23 at... 

Patent types can be subdivided into Product , Process and Use patents. In the first case, a specific substance is patented (e.g. a revolutionary new car engine, a new cytokine with applicability in cancer treatment, a novel microorganism capable of degrading oil, etc.). In the... 

Gillings D and Koch G (1991) The application of the principle of intention-to-treat analysis of clinical trials Drug Information Journal, 25, 411-424 Greenwood M (1926) The errors of sampling of the survivorship tables Reports on Public Health and Statistical Subjects, No. 33, Appendix 1. London HMSO Grieve AP (2003) The number needed to treat a useful clinical measure or a case of the Emperor s new clothes Pharmaceutical Statistics, 2, 87-102 Haybittle JL (1971) Repeated assessment of results in clinical trials of cancer treatment British Journal of Radiology, 44, 793-797... 

G. Other applications Herceptin has been combined with cisplatin in the treatment of heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Treatment of patients with ovarian cancer is under investigation. A recent study demonstrated that Herceptin increased the clinical benefits of first-line chemotherapy—doxorubicin (or epiru-bicin) and cyclophosphamide or pacli-taxel—in metastatic breast cancer that overexpressed HER2. 

Once radioactive decay starts, it continues until all the atoms have reached a stable state. The radioisotope can only be shielded to prevent exposure to the radiation. The most common applications of gamma rays are sterilization of single-use medical supplies, elimination of organisms from pharmaceuticals, microbial reduction in and on consumer products, cancer treatment, and processing of polymers (cross-linking, polymerization, degradation etc.). 

Applications of Gene Expression Profiling to Drug Resistance and Cancer Treatment Conclusions Acknowledgements References... 

APPLICATIONS OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING TO DRUG RESISTANCE AND CANCER TREATMENT... 

Are biopharmaceuticals in general where the future of pharmacy lies Recent experience and research in anti-cancer treatment has shown that a combined application of bioceuticals and classical small molecules may offer advantages. Does this hold in general ... 

PCI has been shown to increase the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane (Table 1). PCI has also been shown to enhance the treatment effect of targeted therapeutic macromolecules. These results show that PCI can induce efficient light-directed delivery of macromolecules into the cytosol, indicating that PCI may have a variety of useful applications for site-specific drug delivery, e.g., in gene therapy, vaccination, and cancer treatment. PCI of BLM has recently been approved for a clinical Phase I trial, where several indications have been included. The first patients with head and neck cancer have recently been treated at... 

---