Lighting efficiency

An efficient LED has two essential characteristics (1) all of the injected carriers recombine in the device and (2) the operating voltage is as low as possible. To produce light efficiently, all of the current should lead to recombination. This... 

It is well known that the low refractive index of water (n = 1.33) causes problems for the construction of optical waveguides that guide light efficiently through... 

The ligand absorbs light efficiently and transfers the energy to the complexed lanthanide ion. 

Dioxetanes bearing an electron donating group, e.g., 31, show charge transfer induced decomposition which produces light efficiently <99T4287>. 

In short, particles to the left of the peak in Fig. 14.38a do not tend to shrink or grow. Because they are generally in the 0.1- to 1-jum size range which scatters light efficiently (see Chapter 9.A.4), these particles are known as haze particles or droplets. These often occur at relative humidities below 100%. 

While solid flares are smoky and therefore subject to wind and other weather conditions, the pyrotechnic system is relatively free of particulare matter and can be made directional. In testing, directional light efficiencies have been increased 12 times by using an aluminum reflector to produce efficiencies of one-quarter to one-half... 

TABLE 1. Turn-on Voltages and Light Efficiencies for Selected Experimental Copolymers"... 

Once again, a box plot diagram is chosen to present the results from current/voltage (I/V) measurements for the FF (Fig. 5.37b) and Voc (Fig. 5.37c). At least 6 different devices were evaluated for each LiF thickness, the latter being varied between 0 A and 15 A. Upon insertion of only 3 A of LiF, the FF already increased by about 20% compared to otherwise identical reference devices with a pristine Al electrode. Together with an Isc of 5.25 mA/cm2 and a Uoc of 825 mV, the white light power conversion efficiency under 800 W/m2 at 50°C is calculated to be 3.3%. (Note that this is a white light efficiency which is not corrected by a spectral mismatch factor M.)... 

Figure 7 shows DRCD spectra taken by our newly developed instrument which has about ten times more light efficiency than the instrument previously made [44]. d- and L-ammonium camphorsulfonate exhibited mirror-image spectra, and these are similar to their respective solution spectra. 

Figure 2 Examples of energy industries showing aspects of Moore s law behavior (a) solid state lighting efficiency, (b) photovoltaic cell production in MW.

Figure 19.6. Light Absorption By Chlorophyll A. Chlorophyll a absorbs visible light efficiently as judged by the extinction coefficients near 10 M i cm f... 

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