Patent types

Patent types can be subdivided into Product , Process and Use patents. In the first case, a specific substance is patented (e.g. a revolutionary new car engine, a new cytokine with applicability in cancer treatment, a novel microorganism capable of degrading oil, etc.). In the... 

This paper asks why we continue to strengthen an ill-functioning institution. Let us cut back the barriers to access and reassess how medicines, new and old, can be delivered effectively. There are two pharmaceutical patent types the product patent, that is, the chemical itself and process patents, that is, the ways a medicine can be manufactured or administered. The difference between the two is that whilst the process patent only makes market entry more difficult, the product patent is an absolute bar to market entry and product competition. Simply, where there is a product patent the chemical... 

Some state government officials have expressed concern that, because the two most proven forms of rubberized asphalt are patented, prices for this material may be higher than they would be if the material were not patented. It is estimated that the royalty adds 35 percent to the cost of asphalt-rubber and 27 percent to Plus Ride The patent for asphalt-rubber expires in 1991. After that time ARPG expects more companies to become involved. The TAK process is not patented, but also has not been tested as long as the patented types of rubberized asphalt. 

Three separate laws provide patent-type protection for plant life itself, depending upon the reproductive nature of the plant. 

Particularly interesting here is that 70 and 71 containing larger ortho substituents than the usual patented types (e.g.. Cl or Me) are tolerated at the enzyme site, and that the picolinic acid (72) has no ortho-substituent, which suggests that the lone pair on the pyridyl nitrogen can act as such. 

Certain tablets are also wrapped in an aluminum foil before packaging in the tube and this seems to be the best solution for long-term stability. Patented types of tubes containing silica-gel in the internal side of the cap are the most recent invention (25). 

The application of fundamentally new ECT (Russia patent Jf 2063025) has made it possible to provide high-efficiency defect control accompanied by detecting both small surface defects and more rough under-surface defects under non-magnetic metal layer of 7 mm thick, or surface defects under protection coatings, dye, corrosion, hermetic and other type of layer of 10 mm thick. 

Today, fragment coding is still quite important in patent databases (sec Chapter 5, Section 5.11, e.g., Dei went) where Markush structures are also stored. There, the fragments can be applied to substructure or othei types of searches where the fragments arc defined, c.g., on the basis of chemical properties. 

A strict separation of these three types of databases is difficult hence most databases contain a mixture of data types. Therefore the classification given here is based on the predominating data type. For example, the major emphasis of a patent database is on hterature, whereas it also comprises numeric and structural data. Another type is the integrated database, which provides a supplement of additional information, especially bibhographic data. Thus, different database types are merged, a textual database and one or more factual databases. 

Another sol—gel abrasive, produced by seeding with a-ferric oxide or its precursors, has been patented (30). A magnesium-modified version of this abrasive, also called Cubitron, is being produced as a replacement for the earlier type. Yttria [1314-36-91-vnc>A V eA sol—gel abrasives have also been patented (31), as well as rare earth oxide modified materials (32). These abrasives are all produced by 3M Corporation they have performed very well ia various applications such as ia coated abrasives for grinding stainless steel and exotic alloys. 

Although acrylonitrile manufacture from propylene and ammonia was first patented in 1949 (30), it was not until 1959, when Sohio developed a catalyst capable of producing acrylonitrile with high selectivity, that commercial manufacture from propylene became economically viable (1). Production improvements over the past 30 years have stemmed largely from development of several generations of increasingly more efficient catalysts. These catalysts are multicomponent mixed metal oxides mostly based on bismuth—molybdenum oxide. Other types of catalysts that have been used commercially are based on iron—antimony oxide, uranium—antimony oxide, and tellurium-molybdenum oxide. 

The earliest large-scale continuous industrial extraction equipment consisted of mixer—settlers and open-spray columns. The vertical stacking of a series of mixer—settlers was a feature of a patented column in 1935 (96) in which countercurrent flow occurred because of density difference between the phases, avoiding the necessity for interstage pumping. This was a precursor of the agitated column contactors which have been developed and commercialized since the late 1940s. There are several texts (1,2,6,97—98) and reviews (99—100) available that describe the various types of extractors. 

A significant advance in flame retardancy was the introduction of binary systems based on the use of halogenated organics and metal salts (6,7). In particular, a 1942 patent (7) described a finish for utilizing chlorinated paraffins and antimony(III) oxide [1309-64-4]. This type of finish was invaluable in World War II, and saw considerable use on outdoor cotton fabrics in both uniforms and tents. 

Alaige number of patents cover bis(ben2imida2ol-2-yl) derivatives (9) (48—50). Besides being effective on cotton, compounds of this type show good affinity for nylon. 

Synthesis. The synthesis of poly(dichlotophosphazene) [25034-79-17, (N=PCl2) (4), the patent polymer to over 300 macromolecules of types (1) and (2), is carried out via controlled, ring-opening polymerization of the corresponding cycHc trimer, (N=PCl2)3 [940-71 -6]. 

The Calcimatic is a patented kiln of Canadian origin that is radically different from other kiln types. It consists of a circular traveling hearth of variable speed, supported on two concentric tiers of rollers. Kiln feed of 12.7 mm is fed onto the hearth in a 2.5—10 cm bed from a preheater chamber. The kiln is usually fired with natural gas or fuel oil, although the option of using pulverized coal has also been developed. After great interest, resulting in sales of many units throughout the world, the popularity of the Calcimatic has ebbed because of disappointment in the unit s mediocre thermal efficiency. 

Comprehensive reviews of additive practices are available in the Hterature (18,21—23) and in extensive patent coverage. The common types of additives are discussed in approximate order of the frequency of their use. 

Naphthalenol. 2-Naphthol or p-naphthol or 2-hydroxynaphthalene/7i3 -/5 -i7 melts at 122°C and boils at 295°C, and forms colorless crystals of characteristic, phenoHc odor which darken on exposure to air or light. 2-Naphthol [135-19-3] is manufactured by fusion of sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide at ca 325°C, acidification of the drowned fusion mass which is quenched ia water, isolation and water-washing of the 2-naphthalenol, and vacuum distillation and flaking of the product. A continuous process of this type has been patented (69). The high sulfate content ia the primary effluent from 2-naphthol production is greatiy reduced ia modem production plants by the recovery of sodium sulfate. 

---