Antiviral activity of polysaccharides

S. Mazumder, P. K. Ghosal, C. A. Pujol, M. A. Carlucci, E. B. Damonte, and B. Ray, Isolation, chemical investigation and antiviral activity of polysaccharides from Gracilaria corticata (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta), Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 31 (2002) 87-95. 

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITIES OF POLYSACCHARIDES FROM NATURAL SOURCES... 

A wide screening to evaluate the antiviral activity of polysaccharide compormds isolated from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis on different viruses was performed by Rechter et al. [83]. These authors reported the results obtained by using specific assays for the quantification of in-vitro viral replication. The polysaccharide fractions, containing spirulan-like molecules, showed a marked inhibition of human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpesvirus type 6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. On the contrary, weak or no inhibition was detected for Epstein-Barr virus and influenza A virus [83]. The in-vitro antiviral activity of polysaccharide calcium spirulan produced by Arthrospira platensis (formerly Spirulina platensis) was previously described [84-86]. 

Martinez MJ, Olmo LM, Benito PB (2005) Antiviral activities of polysaccharides from natural sources. Stud Nat Prod Chem 30 393-418... 

Many studies have been conducted to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of various SPs. Studies have generally concentrated on synthetic dex-tran sulfates (DSs), pentosan sulfates, clinically used heparins, and seaweed-derived carrageenans. Some reviews reported that sulfated homopolysaccharides are more potent than sulfated heteropolysaccharides [2,3]. In general, polysaccharides exhibiting antiviral potential are highly sulfated [4]. 

Pujol et al. in chapter eight, reviews the chemistry, origin and antiviral activities of naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharides for the prevention and control of viral infections such as HIV-1 and -2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. 

N. Bourgougnon, M. Lahaye, J.-C. Chermann, and J.-M. Komprobst, Composition and antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharide from Schizymenia dubyi (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 3 (1993) 1141-1146. 

High temperatures can break native S—S bonds and form new S—S bonds that can lock the protein into a denatured configuration. Low pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate. Tween 80 , chaotropic salts, and exogenous proteins have been used to protect proteins from thermal inactivation.f Ethylene glycol at 30-50% was used as a protectant of antiviral activity of p-interferon preparations. Human serum albumin was used inrecombinant human interferon-pser-i7, which resulted in increased thermal stability. Water-soluble polysaccharides such as dextrans and amylose and point-specific (site-directed) mutagenesis have also been used to increase thermal stability of therapeutic proteins and peptides. 

Gonzalez ME, Alarcon B, Carrasco L. Polysaccharides as antiviral agents antiviral activity of carrageenan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987 31(9) 1388-1393. 

Gonzalez, M.E. Alarcon, B. Carrasco, L. Polysaccharides as Antiviral Agents Antiviral Activity of Carrageenan, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.l9Sl, 31, 1388-1393. 

Bruhn, T. Duerig, J. Kraiselburd, E.N. De Clercq, E. Bruhn, H-D. Beress, L. Antiviral and Anticoagulant Activity of Polysaccharides from marine brown algae. 

Okutani, K. Antiviral Activities of Sulfated Derivatives of a Fucosamine-Containing Polysaccharide of Marine Bacterial Origin. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 1992, 58, 927-930. 

Hasui, M. Matsuda, M. Okutani, K. Shigeta, S. In Vitro Antiviral Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from a Marine Microalga (Cochlodinium polykrikoides) Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Enveloped Viruses. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1995, 17, 293-297. 

Hashimoto, K. Kodama, E. Mori, S. Watanabe, J. Baba, M. Okutani, K. Matsuda, M. Shigeta, S. Antiviral Activity of a Sulfated Polysaccharide Extracted from The Marine Pseudomonas and Marine Plant Dinoflagellata Against Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Other Enveloped Viruses. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 1996, 7, 189-196. 

Hemmingson et al. (2006) demonstrated the potential antiviral activity of galactofucan sulfates extracted from U. pinnatifida against herpes viruses HSV-1, HSV-2, and HCMV. In recent years, few other antivirus activities of sulfated polysaccharides-containing fucose have been demonstrated (Hayashi et al., 2008 Mandal et al., 2007). 

Makarenkova, I. D., Deriabin, P. G., L vov, D. K., Zviagintseva, T. N., and Besednova, N. N. (2010). Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the brown algae Laminaria japonica against avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in the cultured cells. Vopr. Virusol. 55,41 5. 

M. Matsuda, S. Shigeta, and K. Okutani, Antiviral activities of marine pseudomonas polysaccharides and their oversulfated derivatives. Mar. Biotechnol, 1,68-73,1999. 

P. Mastromarino, R. Petruzziello, S. Macchia, S. Rieti, R. Nicoletti, N. Orsi, Antiviral activity of natural and semisynthetic polysaccharides on the early steps of rubella virus infection,, /. Antimicrob. Chemother., 39,339-345,1997. 

The importance of defining new antiviral agents chemically was demonstrated in recent stiidies on the antiviral substances isolated from penicillin molds. The antiviral activities of helenine (isolated from Penicillium funiculosian) and statalon (isolated from P. stoloniferum and previously claimed to be an ionic polysaccharide), have been shown to be due to the piresence in these molds of dotible-stranded RNA, a replicative form of RNA found in viral infection. Polyhedral viruses have recently been detected in both strains. ... 

Eo SK, Kim YS, Lee CK et al (2000) Possible mode of antiviral activity of acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum on herpes simplex viruses. J Ethnopharmacol 72 475-481... 

Okutani K (1992) Antiviral activities of sulfated derivatives of a fucosamine-containing polysaccharide of marine bacterial origin. Nippon Suisan Gakk 58 927-930... 

---